On the Sites and Names of Hebrew Places

Ararat, Armenia. For indeed the ark is reported to have rested after the flood on the mountains of Ararat: and traces of it are said to remain there even to this day. Jeremiah also mentions these mountains in a vision against Babylon. Josephus too, in the first book of the Jewish Antiquities, bringing forward the historians of secular literature, says: “Noah, perceiving that the earth had been freed from the flood, let seven more days pass: and releasing all the animals and beasts from their enclosures, he himself went forth with his offspring: offering sacrifices to God, and rejoicing with his children.” This place the Armenians call the “exit,” or “going forth.” For indeed the inhabitants of those regions testify that the ark first rested there, and that certain remains of its timbers still survive.

Of this ark and of the flood all who have written barbarian histories make mention: one of whom is Berosus the Chaldean, who, writing concerning the flood, spoke thus: “It is said that some part of this ship remains in Armenia near the mountain of the Cordyaeans, and that certain persons, tearing off bitumen from it, carry it about: which those who purify and cleanse themselves use especially.” But also Hieronymus the Egyptian, who wrote the antiquities of the Phoenicians in fine style, and Mnaseas, and many others. Nicolaus of Damascus also, in his ninety-sixth book, reports: “There is in Armenia, above Minyas, a mountain named Baris: to which many are said to have fled in the flood, and there to have been saved.

Others, floating upon the hull of the ark, are said to have reached its summit, and for many ages the timbers of the ark were wont to be shown: whom indeed I think to be none other than those whom Moses, the lawgiver of the Jews, set forth in his books.” Achad, a city of the kingdom of Nimrod in Babylon. (Now the Hebrews say that this is a city of Mesopotamia, which today is called Nisibis, once besieged by the Roman consul Lucullus, and captured, and a few years ago handed over to the Persians by the emperor Jovian.)

Aggai, lies toward the western region of Bethel, not far distant from it. Now Bethel is situated, for those going from Neapolis to Aelia, on the left side of the road, about the twelfth milestone from Aelia: and even to this day a small village, though it be, is shown. (A church too has been built there, where Jacob slept while journeying to Mesopotamia. Whence he also gave that place the name bethel (ביתאל), that is, house of God.) Of Aggai, however, only scanty ruins remain: and only the place itself is shown. And it should be known that in Hebrew it does not have the letter G, but is called ai (עי), and is written with the letter which among them is called ain (עין).

Astaroth Carnaim, once the land of the giants above the ridge of Sodom, whom Chedorlaomer slew. There are even to this day two fortresses in Batanaea by this name, separated from one another by nine miles, between the cities of Adara and Abila.

Arboe (corruptly written in our manuscripts as Arboc, whereas in the Hebrew it is read arbee (ארבע), that is, four: because there the three patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, were buried, and Adam the greatest of all: as it is written in the book of Joshua: although some suppose him to be placed in the location of Calvary). This is the same as Chebron, once the metropolis of the Philistines, and the dwelling-place of giants, and afterward the kingdom (where the royal seat was) of David in the tribe of Judah, a priestly city and a city of refuge. It is distant from Aelia toward the south about twenty-two miles: and the oak of Abraham (which is also called Mamre, and was shown even down to the reign of the emperor Constantius); and his mausoleum is seen there at the present time. (And since a church has now been built there by our people,) the site of the terebinth is superstitiously venerated by all the peoples round about: because under it Abraham once received angels as guests.

This place therefore was first called Arbee, and afterward received the name Chebron from one of the sons of Chaleb. Read the Book of Chronicles.

Ailath, on the farthest borders of Palestine, joined to the southern wilderness and to the Red Sea: whence one sails from Egypt to India, and from there back to Egypt. There the tenth legion, surnamed Tenth, is stationed: and it was formerly called Ailath by the ancients, but now is called Aila. But there was also once a nation of the Elamites, over whom Chedorlaomer ruled; mention is also made of them in the Acts of the Apostles and in the books of Kings. A certain city of Palestine is written as Aelam. Adama, one of the five cities of Sodom, overthrown along with the others.

Asason-Thamar, in which the Amorrhites once dwelt, whom Chedorlaomer slew: near the wilderness of Cades. There is also another fortress, Thamara, separated by one day's journey from the town of Mampsis, for those going to Ailam from Chebron, where now a Roman garrison is stationed.

Allus, a region of the Idumaeans, which is now called Gabalene, near the city of Petra.

Aenan, for those going to Thamna, now a deserted place, near the great village of Thamna, which is situated between Aelia and Diospolis. There is also a spring in the aforesaid place of Aena: whence it received the name Aenam, that is, of the spring: in which stands an idol worshiped with the greatest veneration of that whole region. (Now the Hebrews affirm that Aena does not signify a grove, but a crossroads: where, upon careful consideration, it is necessary to choose one of two roads.)

Areaatad, a place beyond the Jordan, in which they once mourned for Jacob, at the third milestone from Jericho, two miles from the Jordan, which is now called Bethgla: which is interpreted, the place of the circle: because there, after the manner of mourners, they went round about at the funeral of Jacob.

Aelim, the camp of the children of Israel, and a place in the wilderness in which there were twelve springs and seventy palm trees (which Moses found upon leaving the Red Sea). (Aelus, in the wilderness, where the children of Israel encamped.)

Aseroth, a part of the wilderness, where Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses. Now the Hivites once dwelt in Aseroth as far as the city of Gaza. (But the Hebrews think that these places are called not Aseroth, but Aserim.)

Asemona, a camp of the children of Israel in the wilderness.

Abetharim: for which Aquila and Symmachus have interpreted, the way of the spies: where battle was fought in the wilderness against the Chananite, who had burst forth from the south against Israel.

Abie, which is also Achalgai: for this Symmachus interprets, on the hills. It is in the region formerly of Moab, now of Areopolis, toward the eastern quarter.

Arnon, a certain cliff stretched up on high, on the borders of the Amorrhites between Moab and the Amorrhites. Now Moab is a city of Arabia, which is now named Areopolis. The inhabitants of that region point out the place of the valley sunk down in a very fearsome and perilous precipice, which by many is still called even now Arnonas: and it extends northward from Areopolis: in which also garrisons of soldiers have been distributed on every side, testifying to an entrance full of blood and dread. This once belonged to the Moabites, and afterward Sihon king of the Amorrhites acquired it by right of war: but the land of the children of Israel beyond the Jordan, beginning from Arnon, extends as far as the mountains of Hermon and Lebanon.

Ar, a place or town of Arnon: which by the Seventy Interpreters, with the vowel lengthened, is called Er.

Aesimon, a place of the wilderness (for indeed the very word itself signifies uncultivated and deserted land).

Abelsatim, a place in the wilderness to the south of the Moabites.

Azor, or Jazer, the boundary of the city of Ammon, which is now called Philadelphia, dividing it from the region of the Amorrhites, and there is about the eighth milestone from it, to the west, the village of Jazer, remaining to the present day. Aroer, a town of the Moabites, situated on the bank of the torrent Arnon, possessed formerly by a most ancient people, the Ommim, and afterward held by the children of Lot, that is, the Moabites, when they had overthrown the earlier inhabitants. And it is shown even to this day on the summit of that mountain: and the torrent, descending through steep places, flows into the Dead Sea. Now Aroer fell to the lot of the tribe of Gad, opposite Rabba. Astaroth, an ancient city of Og king of Basan, in which giants once dwelt, which afterward fell to the lot of the tribe of Manasseh, in the region of Bataneae, and is separated from the city of Adra by six miles. Now Adra is distant from Bostra by twenty-five miles.

We have also spoken above of Astaroth Charnaim. The watchtower of the field is a mountain of the Moabites, to which Balac the son of Sephor led Balaam the diviner, to curse Israel, upon its summit, which because of its exceedingly steep precipice is called the cut-off place, and overlooks the Dead Sea, not far from Arnon. Araboth Moab, where the people were numbered a second time, which Aquila interprets as the low or level places of Moab (having this custom, that he interprets the wilderness because of its levelness as ὁμαλή, that is, level and flat). Symmachus, moreover, for Araboth Moab, translated “the plains of Moab”: and there is even to this day a place near mount Phogor, for those going from Libias to Esebon of Arabia, opposite Jericho, which is so called.

Araba, this, as above, Aquila translated as “level”: Symmachus, sometimes as “level plain,” sometimes as “uninhabitable”: Theodotion as “western.” Atharoth, a city formerly of the Amorrhites beyond the Jordan, which afterward fell to the lot of the tribe of Gad; there was also a son of Salma, or Salmon, called Atharoth, as it is written in Chronicles. Ataroth Sophan, this too a city of the tribe of Gad. Arad, a city of the Amorrhites, near the wilderness of Cades, and even now a village is shown, at the fourth milestone from the town of Malatha, at the twentieth from Chebron, in the tribe of Judah. Asemona, a city in the wilderness, to the south of Judaea, dividing Egypt and the lot of the tribe of Judah, which extends as far as the sea. I have also placed above Asemona, a camp of the children of Israel. Acrabbi, the boundary of the province of Judaea looking toward the East, of the tribe of Judah.

There is also even now a large village, nine miles from Neapolis, for those descending toward the East to the Jordan and Jericho, through the region which is called Acrabittene: but the border of the Amorrhites also is called Acrabbin; concerning which place the tribe of Naphtali did not drive out the foreigners, as it is written in the book of Judges. Asadada, a border of Judah looking toward the north. Arad, itself also a boundary of Judah, distant twenty miles from Chebron toward the south: concerning which it has been set down above. Asarenam, a boundary of Judaea toward the north. Asernai, itself also a boundary of Judaea. Arbela, a boundary of Judaea, looking toward the rising of the sun. There is also even to this day a village Arbel beyond the Jordan, in the borders of the city of Pella of Palestine, and another of this name in a very great plain, distant nine miles from the town of Legio.

Aulon (not a Greek word, as some think, but a Hebrew word): now it is called a valley great and level, stretching out to an immense length: which is surrounded on both sides by mountains, following one after another and joined together, which, beginning from Lebanon and beyond, reach all the way to the wilderness of Pharan. And in this Aulon itself, that is, in the level valley, are noble cities, Scythopolis, Tiberias and the lake beside it: also Jericho, the Dead Sea, and the regions round about: through the middle of which the Jordan flows, rising from the springs of Paneas, and ending in the Dead Sea.

The Amalekites, a region in the wilderness to the south of Judaea, beyond the city of Petra, for those going to Ailam: which Scripture also recalls, saying: Amalek dwells in the land toward the South. But also near it dwelt another, the Chananite, who also fought against the children of Israel in the wilderness: concerning whom it is written: Now Amalek and the Chananite dwell in the valley.

Araba: Aquila interprets it, level; Symmachus, plain: as was said above. There is also another village named Araba, in the borders of Diocaesarea (which was formerly called Saphorine), and another, three miles from Scythopolis, toward the west.

Amman, which is now Philadelphia, a noble city of Arabia, in which the Raphaim once dwelt, an ancient race, whom the sons of Lot slew, dwelling in their place in Amman.

Argob, the region of Og, king of Basan, above the Jordan, which fell by lot to the half-tribe of Manasse: and there is even to this day a village around Gerasa, a city of Arabia, distant fifteen miles from it toward the west, which is called Arga: which Symmachus interprets as "measure."

Asedoth, a city of the Amorrhites, which fell by lot to the tribe of Ruben: it is called, with an added surname, Asedoth Phasga: which in our language sounds as "cut off."

Abarim, the mountain on which Moses died. It is said also to be Mount Nabau, in the land of Moab opposite Jericho, above the Jordan, on the brow of Phasga. And it is shown to those ascending from Liviada to Esbus, still called by its ancient name, next to Mount Phogor, which retains its former name, from which the region around it is even now called Phasga.

Avothiair, which is interpreted "the encampments of Jair" (ἐπαύλεις ἰαὶρ), this is Basan, in which there are villages (sixty) on Mount Galaad, which fell by lot to the half-tribe of Manasse: which place is not called Golam, in the land of Batanæa.

Antilibanus: those parts which are above Libanus, facing the eastern region, are called Antilibanus, around the region of the city of Damascus, which fell by lot to the tribe of Manasse.

Azeca, a city of the Chananites in the portion of the tribe of Juda, as far as which Joshua pursued the five kings. And even today it is called the village of Azeca, between Eleutheropolis and Ælia.

Aialon, a valley and a steep place, over which, when Joshua once prayed, the moon stood still, next to a village which is even now called Ailon, opposite the east of Bethel, three miles distant from it, not far from Gabaa and Rama, the cities of Saul. (Moreover, the Hebrews affirm that Aialon is a village next to Nicopolis at the second milestone, going toward Ælia.)

Achor (in Hebrew it is called emecachor עמק עכור: which is interpreted "Valley of tumult," or of disturbances: because there Israel was thrown into tumult and disturbance), in which they once stoned Achan, on account of the theft of the anathema. It is to the north of Jericho: and even to this day it is so named by the inhabitants of that region. Osee the prophet mentions this.

Asedoth, another city (not the one above, though it is called by the same name) which Joshua once conquered, its king being slain.

Asor, a city of the kingdom of Jabin, which alone Joshua burned, because it was the metropolis of all the kingdoms of the Philistines. There is also another village, even to this day called Asor, in the borders of Ascalon, opposite its east: which fell by lot to the tribe of Juda, of which Scripture also makes mention, calling it, to distinguish it from the old one, the new Asor. Ærmon, a region of the Evæans, which Joshua took possession of. (But the Hebrew, from whose reading of the Scriptures I have learned, affirms that Mount Ærmon overlooks Paneas, which the Evæans and Amorrhites once held: from which now summer snows are brought to Tyre for luxury.)

Ahalæ, a mountain which Aquila interprets as "the dividing mountain": and Symmachus, "the smooth mountain," that is, clear, or slippery.

Aermon, a mountain of the Amorrhites, of which it is now said: which the Phoenicians call "sanior," and the Amorrhite called "sanir": and it is said that on its summit there is a notable temple, which is held in worship by the pagans, in the region opposite Paneas and Libanus: but also the land of the children of Israel beyond the Jordan toward the sunrise extends from the precipice of Arnon as far as Mount Aermon.

Anob, a city which Joshua conquered, and it is to this day a village next to Diospolis, about the fourth milestone toward the eastern region, which is called Bethoannaba. (Many, however, affirm that it is situated at the eighth milestone from it, and is called Bethannaba.)

Asdod, in the lot of the tribe of Juda, which is now called Azotus: in which giants were left, who were called Enacim, and it is to this day a notable town of Palestine.

Ader, a city which Joshua conquered, its king being slain.

Aphec, this too is a city, which, its king having been slaughtered, Joshua conquered.

Acsaph, and it is described that Joshua fought against the king of this place: and it is today called the little village of Chasalus, at the eighth milestone from Diocæsarea, at the foot of Mount Thabor, in the plains.

Accaron, in the tribe of Dan (or, as I think, in the tribe of Juda): on the left of the Chananites: one city of the five ancient Satrapies of Palestine, and it was indeed allotted to the tribe of Juda, yet was not held by it, because it could not expel the former inhabitants. But even to this day a large village of Jewish citizens is called Accaron, between Azotus and Jamnia, facing the east. (Some think Accaron is the Tower of Strato, afterward called Cæsarea.)

Azotus, which is the Asdod above, to this day not an ignoble municipality of Palestine, and one of the five cities of the Allophyles: allotted indeed to the tribe of Juda, but not retained by it, because it was in no way able to expel the ancient inhabitants.

Ascalon, a noble city of Palestine: which itself also was of old one of the five Satrapies of the Allophyles: separated indeed by lot to the tribe of Juda, yet not retained by it, because it could not overcome its inhabitants.

Apheca, a boundary of the Amorrhites above the Jordan, in the lot of the tribe of Ruben: but even to this day there is a great fortress, by the name of Apheca, next to Hippus, a city of Palestine.

Agad, situated at the foot of Mount Aermon.

Aemath, a city which fell by lot to Ruben: but even now a village is called Amathus, beyond the Jordan, at the twenty-first milestone from Pella toward the south. There is also another village in the vicinity of Gadara by the name of Amatha, where hot waters gush forth. In the books of Kings also it is written, "From the entrance of Aemath as far as the sea of Araba": that is, of the desert, which is the Dead Sea. (I, however, upon investigation, have found that a city of Cœlesyria is called Aemath, which is now called Epiphania in the Greek tongue.)

Ammon, beyond the Jordan in the tribe of Gad. This is the Ammam, of which we spoke above, the illustrious city of Arabia, Philadelphia.

Addara, in the tribe of Juda, next to the desert. There is also another village in the borders of Diospolis around the Thamnitic region, which is even to this day so called from the village of Thamna.

Accarca, a village situated in the desert, in the possession of the tribe of Juda: for which Symmachus interprets "pavement."

Achor, in the tribe of Juda: of which it has also been said above.

Adommim, formerly a little village, now ruins, in the lot of the tribe of Juda, which place is even to this day called Maledomim (and in Greek it is called ἀνάβασις πυῤῥῶν: and in Latin it can be called "the ascent of the red" or "of the reddening," on account of the blood which is often shed there by robbers. It is moreover the boundary of the tribe of Juda and Benjamin) for those descending from Ælia to Jericho, where also a fortress of soldiers is situated (for the help of travelers. Of this bloody and murderous place the Lord also, in the parable of the man going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, makes mention).

Amam, in the tribe of Juda.

Aser, in the tribe of Juda, and it is also now called a very large village, for those going from Azotus to Ascalon.

Asarsual, in the tribe of Juda.

Ain, in the tribe of Juda, a city set apart for the priests.

There is even to this day a village by the name of Bethennim, at the second milestone from the Terebinth (that is, from the tent of Abraham), four miles from Chebron. Asthaol, in the tribe of Juda: and even to this day a little village by the name of Astho remains between Azotus and Ascalon. Asna, in the tribe of Juda. Adollam, in the tribe of Juda: and even to this day a village not small, to the east of Eleutheropolis, at its tenth milestone, is called by this name. Adithaim, in the lot of the tribe of Juda. There is also said to be a certain little village Adia, next to Gaza, and another Aditha, around Diospolis, facing as it were the eastern region.

Adasa, in the tribe of Juda, even to this day a village next to Guphna. (But I marvel how he placed the region of Guphna in the tribe of Juda, since it is clear according to the Book of Joshua that it fell by lot to the tribe of Ephraim.) Ather, in the tribe of Juda. Asan, in the tribe of Juda. There is even to this day a village by the name of Bethasan belonging to Ælia, at the fifteenth milestone from it. Asena, in the tribe of Juda. Agziph, in the tribe of Juda. Anab, in the tribe of Juda: even now a village in the borders of Eleutheropolis. There is also another large village of the Jews, by the name of Anea, in the Daroma, opposite the southern region of Chebron, nine miles distant from it. Asteinne, in the tribe of Juda, a village, itself also of the Jews, in the Daroma, to the north of the place Anem. Anim, in the tribe of Juda.

There is a village Anea, next to the other one, of which we spoke above, facing the eastern region, all of its inhabitants Christians. Apheca, in the tribe of Juda. Ammata, in the tribe of Juda. Arebba, in the tribe of Juda. Atharoth, next to Ramma, in the tribe of Joseph. Atharoth, a city of the tribe of Ephraim: now a village to the north of Sebaste, at its fourth milestone, is called Atharus. Adar, a city of the tribe of Ephraim. Aser, a city of the tribe of Manasse: now shown as a village for those descending from Neapolis to Scythopolis, at the fifteenth milestone next to the public road. Atharoth, a city of the tribe of Benjamin. There are, moreover, two Atharoths not far from Ælia. Anathoth, a city of the lot of Benjamin, set apart for the priests, at the third milestone from Ælia: from which also Jeremias the Prophet came. Addar, a city of the lot of Benjamin. Elmon, a city of the tribe of Benjamin, set apart for the priests.

Amec-Casis (that is, valley of Casis), in the tribe of Benjamin. Avim, in the tribe of Benjamin. Aphra, in the tribe of Benjamin. There is even today a village Effrem, at the fifth milestone of Bethel, facing the east. Amoeniam, in the tribe of Benjamin. Aphni, in the tribe of Benjamin. Arim, in the tribe of Benjamin. There is also a village next to Diospolis (which is even now called Betariph). Amsa, in the tribe of Benjamin. Asar, in the tribe of Symeon. Asan, in the tribe of Symeon. Amarchabob, in the tribe of Symeon. Ain, in the tribe of Juda, or a city of Symeon set apart for the priests. Aseuna, in the tribe of Symeon. Amathar, in the tribe of Zabulon. Anua, in the tribe of Zabulon. There is also another village Anua, for those going from Neapolis to Ælia, at the tenth milestone. Ananthon, in the tribe of Zabulon.

Aschaseluth, a city of the tribe of Issachar: and a certain village Chasalus is also so called, next to Mount Thabor, in the plains, at the eighth milestone from Diocæsarea, facing the east (as we said above). Aphraim, a city of the tribe of Issachar: and there is today a village by the name of Affarea, at the sixth milestone from Legio, toward the north. Anerith, in the lot of the tribe of Issachar. Aemes, in the lot of the tribe of Issachar. Acsaph, in the tribe of Aser. Alimelech, of the lot of Aser.

Amath, in the tribe of Aser. Abdon, in the tribe of Aser, a city set apart for the Levites. Aniel, in the tribe of Aser. There is a certain village by the name of Betoaenea, at the fifteenth milestone from Cæsarea, situated on a mountain facing the eastern region, in which also there are said to be healthful baths. Achran, in the tribe of Aser. Amon, in the tribe of Aser. Accho, which is now called Ptolemais, of the lot of Aser, from which it could not expel the former inhabitants. Achziph, in the tribe of Aser, in which the foreigners remained. This is Ecdippa, at the ninth milestone from Ptolemais, going toward Tyre. Amma, of the lot of Aser. Aphec, of the lot of Aser, in which the former inhabitants remained. Addemme, in the tribe of Nephthalim. Assemdim, in the tribe of Nephthalim. Amath, in the tribe of Nephthalim. Adami, in the tribe of Nephthalim. Asor, in the tribe of Nephthalim, which the king of the Assyrians is recorded to have laid waste.

Azanoth, a boundary of Nephthalim. There is even now a village belonging to the region of Dioecæsarea in the plains. Aialon, a city of the lot of Dan, set apart for the Levites, and it is today the village of Alus, not far from Nicopolis. And it should be known that for Aialon, the Seventy interpreters rendered, "Where there were bears."

Arad, is a city in which the sons of Obab, the father-in-law of Moses, dwelt in the midst of Israel. Areth, a spring by which Gedeon encamped. Arisoth, a city of Sisara, prince of Jabis. And Jabis, beyond the Jordan, is now a very large village, six miles distant from the city of Pella, going toward Gerasa. Ares, the ascent of Ares: for which Aquila interprets "of the woodlands": Symmachus, "of the mountains." Aruir, where Jephte fought: and it is even today a village situated on a mountain, at the twentieth milestone from Ælia toward the north. Arima, where Scripture reports Abimelech to have sat.

Ajalim, a city in the land of Zabulon: from which also came that Ajalon who judged the people of Israel.

Abel of the vineyards, where Jephthah fought, in the land of the sons of Ammon: for even to the present day, at the seventh milestone from Philadelphia, a village Abela is seen, planted with vineyards: there is also another city named Abela, fruitful in wine, at the twelfth milestone from Gadara toward the eastern region: and also a third Abela in Phoenicia, between Damascus and Paneas.

Armathem Sophim, the city of Elkanah and Samuel (in the region of Thamnitica), near Diospolis, whence was Joseph, who in the Gospels is written of as being from Arimathea.

Abenezer, which is interpreted, the stone of help (or the helping stone). It is the place from which the Philistines carried off the ark of the covenant, between Aelia and Ascalon, near the village of Bethsamis. Aphes dommim, where Saul fought (for which Aquila interpreted) in the borders of Dommim.

Annegeb, for which Aquila translated "the south"; Symmachus rendered "the meridian."

Arith, where David dwelt, is the village Arath by name, to the west of Aelia.

Ahialim, for which Aquila translated "of stags," Theodotion "stones of stags."

Aendor, which is in Jezreel, where the sons of Israel, preparing themselves for battle, pitched camp. And even today there is a great village Aendor, near Mount Tabor to the south, at the fourth milestone.

Aphec, near Aendor of Jezreel, where Saul fought.

Arma, to which place David sent a part of the spoils.

Athach, to this place also David sent a part of the plunder.

Amma, for those going into the desert of Gabaon.

Aethon Adasai, for which Symmachus put "the lower way."

Area Orne, this is Jerusalem.

Assur, a city of Judaea, which Solomon built.

Abelmaula, city of one of Solomon's officials, whence also came Elisha the Prophet. Now there is a village in Aulon, of which we spoke above, at the tenth milestone from Scythopolis (toward the southern region), named Bethaula. But also Abelmea is called a small village between Neapolis and Scythopolis. Avoth Jair, a city of one of Solomon's officers.

Ailath, on the shore of the Red Sea in the land of Edom, of which we have also spoken above.

Aheloth, which Azarias built.

Aenda, whose conqueror and destroyer was king Asa.

Aziongaber, in this place the fleet of Jehoshaphat was shattered by the force of a tempest. It is said to be the same as Essia, not far from Aila on the Red Sea.

Alleabar Gozan, names of rivers in the land of the Medes, to whose mountains Israel was led captive.

Abana, a river of Damascus.

Aopsithe, or Aphusoth, which Aquila turned into "freedom."

Aian, which the king of the Assyrians conquered.

Aia, a place in the region of the Assyrians.

Amech, a region of the Assyrians.

Asyma, a town in the land of Judaea, which those who had come from Emath built.

Arcem: Josephus relates that this is Petra, a famous city of Palestine.

Adramelech, an idol of the Assyrians, which the Samaritans also venerated.

Aroniim, according to Isaiah, is the name of a road, in the vision against Moab, for which Aquila put Oronaim, and Symmachus Orannim.

Agallim, of which Isaiah also makes mention in the vision against Moab. Now there is a village Aegalim to the south part of Areopolis, distant from it eight miles.

Elim, the wells of Dimon, of this place too Isaiah reminds us in the same vision.

Ariel, of this too Isaiah makes mention, which Aquila and Symmachus interpreted as "lion of God." Some think this to be Areopolis, because there even now they worship an idol Ariel, called ἀπὸ τοῦ ἄρεως, that is, from Mars, whence they suspect the city itself was named. (To me, however, it seems, following the sequence and text of the prophecy, that Ariel there allegorically signifies Jerusalem, or the temple, that is, the lion of God, because perhaps it was a strong and powerful kingdom of this more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Adama, in Isaiah, for which Aquila and Symmachus interpret "ground," Theodotion "earth."

The Fuller's Field, this too is written in Isaiah. And the place is shown even now in the suburbs of Jerusalem.

Asedech, and this Isaiah the prophet prophesies will be in Egypt. But it should be known that in the Hebrew for this name is written AHARES, which some, from dryness, translate as "the sun," and others render as "the potsherd," wishing to signify either Heliopolis or Ostracine. But the discussion of this matter, because it is rather long, you will find in the books of Hebrew Questions.

Arphad, a city of Damascus, which the king of the Assyrians conquered, as is written in Isaiah, and Jeremiah, and the books of Kings.

Aneugava, of this too Isaiah makes mention, which Aquila translated as Ane and Gava (namely interpreting the syllable, which is placed in the middle of the name, as the conjunction "And"): but Symmachus, "he provoked and humbled." We read of this also in the books of Kings.

Armenia, in Isaiah, which is Ararat. Asael: of this Zachariah the prophet makes mention. Anameel, a tower of Jerusalem: as is written in the book of Zachariah. Assameroth, in Jeremiah: for which in the Hebrew is written SADEMOTH: which Aquila interprets "suburbs." Aenioth, in Jeremiah: which Aquila renders "into workshops," or "shops." Alaoth, in Jeremiah: for which in the Hebrew is read LUIT. Aethan, in Jeremiah: which Aquila renders "strong": Symmachus interprets "ancient."

Acheldama, the field of blood, which is shown even today in Aelia to the south side of Mount Sion. Aenon near Salim, where John baptized, as is written in the Gospel according to John: and the place is shown even now at the eighth milestone from Scythopolis to the south near Salim and the Jordan.

Babel, which is also Babylon, is interpreted "confusion." It was the city of the kingdom of Nimrod, in which the languages of those who built the tower were divided, whose leader Josephus affirms was Nimrod. He also presents the Greek Sibyl as a witness of that history: "The place," he says, "in which they built the tower, is now called Babylon, because of the confusion of speech of those who with all zeal were constructing a tower reaching to the highest heaven.

For the Hebrews call confusion BABEL." Concerning this tower, and the diversity of tongues, the Sibyl also writes in this manner: "When all mortals used one language: some of them built a very high tower, desiring through it to climb to heaven: but the gods, sending whirlwinds and winds, overthrew the tower, and gave to each his own and distinct language: whence it happened that the city too was called Babylon." Bethel, a village at the twelfth milestone from Aelia (on the right as one goes to Neapolis), which was at first called Luza (that is, "almond tree"): and it fell into the lot of the tribe of Benjamin near Betham and Gai, which Joshua conquered, its king having been killed. (Further, as to what some think, following an error of the Greek volumes, that it was formerly called Ulammaulas, they are greatly mistaken. For they have confused the Hebrew word with the name of that little town itself, since ULAM signifies "before," that is πρότερον, but LUZA means "almond tree": and the sense is: it was called BETHEL, formerly LUZA.

Nor is it correct that they suppose BETHAUN to be another town; the Hebrews think it is the same as BETHEL. But from the time when the golden calves were made there by Jeroboam son of Nebat, and worshipped by the ten tribes, it was called Bethaun, that is, "house of the idol," which before was called "house of God." But of this we have spoken more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Bala, which is Segor, now called Zoara: the only one of the five cities of Sodom preserved (at the prayers of Lot). It overlooks the Dead Sea, and a garrison of soldiers (Roman) has been placed there: it is also frequented by its own inhabitants: and there balsam is produced, and fruits of palm trees, tokens of its ancient fertility. (Let no one be troubled that Segor is called the same as Zoara: since it is the same word for "small" or "lesser." But SEGOR is called in Hebrew, ZOARA in Syriac. Bala, moreover, is interpreted "swallowed up": of which we have spoken more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Balanus (that is, the oak of mourning), under which Rebecca's nurse was buried. Barad, between Cades and Barad, even today a well of Hagar is shown. Bethleem, city of David in the lot of the tribe of Judah (in which our Lord and Savior was born), at the sixth milestone from Aelia toward the southern region, near the road that leads to Chebron, where also the tomb of Jesse and David is shown (and about a thousand paces away the tower of Ader, which is interpreted "tower of the flock," by a certain prophecy signifying beforehand the shepherds who were witnesses of the Lord's nativity. And also near this same Bethleem, the tomb of Archelaus, once king of Judaea, is shown: which is the beginning of the path turning off from the public road toward our cells). Bethleem was also called that of Ephrata (that is, of Mary), as we read more fully in the volume of Chronicles. Read the history carefully.

Beelsefon, in the desert, the camp of the sons of Israel, near the Red Sea as they went out of Egypt.

Banejacan, in the desert, a camp on the journey of the sons of Israel. Bamoth, a city of the Amorites across the Jordan in Arnon, which the sons of Reuben possessed. Basan, concerning which it is written: "And Og king of Basan". This Machaathi named Avoth Jair, that is, ἐπαύλεις Ἰαίρ ("the villages of Jair"). And it fell into the lot of the half-tribe of Manasseh, in the land of Galaad; this is Basanitis, which is now called Batanaea. Beelphegor, which is interpreted "the image of shame." It is an idol of Moab, surnamed Baal, upon Mount Phogor (whom the Latins call Priapus. And of this more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions). Baen, a city of the Amorites, which itself too was held by the sons of Reuben. Bethnamaram, across the Jordan, which the tribe of Gad built. There is even today a village Bethnamaris at the fifth milestone from Libias toward the north. Betharran, across the Jordan, which the tribe of Gad built.

Beelmeon, across the Jordan, which the sons of Reuben built. There is even now a great village near Baaru in Arabia, where hot waters spontaneously rise from the ground, surnamed Beelmaus, distant from Esbus nine miles, whence also came Elisha the prophet. Baal, across the Jordan, a city of the sons of Reuben. Buthan, camp of the sons of Israel in the desert, which is also called Etham. Bela, the boundary of Judaea looking toward the East, of which we have also spoken above under the name of Arbela. Bosor, in the desert across the Jordan, which fell into the lot of the tribe of Reuben to the eastern part of Jericho, a priestly city and a city of refuge. This is Bostra, the metropolis of Arabia. But another city Bosor is also named, of Esau, in the mountains of Idumaea, of which Isaiah reminds us, saying: "Who is this that comes from Edom? His garments red from Bosor".

Beroth, of the sons of Jacim, a place in the desert where Aaron died; and it is shown even to this day at the tenth milestone from the city of Petra on the summit of the mountain.

Bunos, that is, "hill of the foreskins," a place in Galgala, where Joshua circumcised the people of Israel, at the second milestone from Jericho. And even to this day the stones are shown which were brought there from the Jordan (as Scripture, Joshua IV, 8, records). Bethoron, up to which Joshua pursued the enemy kings, which fell into the lot of the sons of Joseph, that is, Ephraim. There are two villages at about the twelfth milestone from Aelia for those going to Nicopolis, of which, because of their position, one is called Upper Bethoron, which Solomon built; and the other, Lower Bethoron, given to the Levites as a possession. Barne, this is the same as Cades Barne in the desert, which extends as far as the city of Petra. Baalgad, a city in the plains of Lebanon, at the foot of Mount Hermon, which too Joshua took. Bethphogor, a city of the sons of Reuben across the Jordan near Mount Phogor opposite Jericho, six miles above Libias.

Bethsimuth, that is, "house," or "place of Isimuth." There is even today a village Isimuth opposite Jericho, ten miles distant from it in the southern region near the Dead Sea. Beeroth, below the hill of Gabaon. It is shown even to this day, a village at the seventh milestone for those going from Aelia to Neapolis. Bothnin, a city across the Jordan of the tribe of Gad, which is likewise called by the same name to this day. Betharam, a city of the tribe of Gad near the Jordan, which is called by the Syrians Bethramta, and (by Herod in honor of Augustus) was surnamed Libias. Bethnemra, a city of the tribe of Gad near Libias across the Jordan. Bethagla (of the tribe of Judah). It is a village at the tenth milestone for those going from Eleutheropolis to Gaza, which is called Agla. And there is another village, maritime Bethagla, at the eighth milestone from Gaza. Betharaba, in the tribe of Judah.

Baal, that is, Cariathiarim, that is, "village of the woods," or as some think, the city of Jarib, in the tribe of Judah. And it is to this day a village at the tenth milestone for those descending from Aelia to Diospolis, Cariathiarim. Balaa, in the tribe of Judah. Baloth, in the tribe of Judah. Betofali, in the tribe of Judah. Bersabee, in the tribe of Judah, or of Symeon: it is to this day a large village at the twentieth milestone from Chebron, inclining toward the south, in which also a garrison of Roman soldiers has been placed. From this place the boundaries of the land of Judaea, beginning, extended as far as Dan, which is seen next to Paneas. Bersabee is interpreted "well of the oath," because there Abraham and Isaac joined a covenant with Abimelech, swearing. Nor should anyone be troubled if he sometimes finds the same cities of Judah in the tribe of Symeon, or Benjamin.

For the tribe of Judah, being strong in most warlike men, and frequently overcoming its adversaries, held the primacy among all the tribes; and therefore the allotments of other tribes are sometimes named within its measuring-line: otherwise, that Symeon dwelt in the midst of the tribe of Judah, Scripture most plainly teaches. Balam, in the tribe of Judah. Bascath, in the tribe of Judah. Bethdagon, in the tribe of Judah: but also to this day a great village, Capherdago, is shown between Diospolis and Jamnia. Bethaloth, in the tribe of Judah.

Bethaphu, in the tribe of Judah, a village beyond Raphaim, fourteen miles for those going to Egypt, which is the boundary of Palestine. Betharaba: for which Symmachus translated, "in the places that are near the uninhabitable," signifying the desert. Beesthara, in the tribe of Manasse, set apart for the Levites in the region of Basanitis. Bethaun, in the tribe of Benjamin near Gai and Bethel, opposite Machmas (although many, as was said above, think it to be the same as Bethel). Baliloth, in the tribe of Benjamin. Bethsur, in the tribe of Judah, or of Benjamin: and today it is Bethsoron, a village at the twentieth milestone for us going from Aelia to Chebron, near which a spring bubbling up at the foot of the mountain (is absorbed by the same earth from which it is born). And the Acts of the Apostles relate that the Eunuch of Queen Candace was baptized here by Philip. There is also another village Bethsur in the tribe of Judah, a thousand paces distant from Eleutheropolis. Boon, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Bethalon, in the tribe of Benjamin: for which Symmachus interprets "in the plains." Bethala, in the tribe of Benjamin. Beroth, in the tribe of Benjamin. Bola, in the tribe of Symeon. Bathul, in the tribe of Symeon. Beth, in the tribe of Symeon. Baaleth, in the tribe of Symeon. Barammoth, in the tribe of Symeon. Bethlabooth, in the tribe of Symeon. Bethleem, in the tribe of Zabulon: for distinction from which the other Bethleem is called that of Judah. Bethphases, in the tribe of Issachar. Bathne, in the tribe of Aser, and now is called the village Bethbeten, at the eighth milestone of Ptolemais toward the east. Bethdagon, a place where the two tribes of Zabulon and Issachar have their boundaries. Bethemec, which Symmachus interprets, "the place of the valley." It is of the lot of Aser. Bethana, in the tribe of Nephthalim: and it is a village named Batanaea, at the fifteenth milestone from Caesarea, in which they say there are healthful baths: which we also placed above under the name Anea.

Bane, in the tribe of Dan. Barac, in the tribe of Dan; to this day a small village near Azotus is called Barecha.

Bezec, city of king Adonibezec: to this day there are two villages named Bezech, neighboring each other, at the seventeenth milestone from Neapolis for those descending to Scythopolis. Bethsan, from this town the tribe of Manasse could not expel the former inhabitants: and now it is called Scythopolis, a noble city of Palestine, which Scripture sometimes calls "house of San," which in our language is interpreted "enemy." Bethsames, a priestly city in the tribe of Benjamin, which to this day is shown at the tenth milestone for those going from Eleutheropolis to Nicopolis, toward the eastern region. Bethnath, in the lot of the tribe of Nephthalim. But the tribe of Nephthalim was not able to expel the former inhabitants of this place either. Bethsames, another one, in the tribe of Nephthalim, in which likewise the former inhabitants remained. Baal Ermon, a mountain around Lebanon in the borders of the Allophyli. Baaleth, in the tribe of Dan. Bethbera, which is interpreted "house of water," or "of the well," which Gedeon occupied in his expedition of war.

Bethasetta, where Madian turned its back. Balanus, that is, the oak of the Sicimi, where Abimelech reigned, which is shown to this day in the suburban countryside of Neapolis, near the tomb of Joseph. Borconni, which Aquila renders "into thorns," Symmachus renders "into brambles." Bera, where Joatham dwelt when he had fled from Abimelech. The village Bera is distant from Eleutheropolis eight miles to the north. Baalthamar, near Gabaa, where the children of Israel entered into battle against the tribe of Benjamin, and to this day a small village in the aforesaid places is called Bethamari.

Bethcur, up to this place the people of Israel pursued the foreigners as they fled, calling it "the Stone of Help." Bama, where Saul, about to be anointed king, took food with Samuel. Moreover Bama, Aquila always renders "the High Place." Boses, the name of a rock (concerning which we have spoken in the books of Hebrew Questions). Besor, a torrent, to which David came.

Borasari, to which place David sent a portion of the spoils. Burim, the place up to which Michol's husband followed her, the daughter of Saul, weeping. Baalasor, near Ephraim, where Abessalon's flocks were being sheared. Bethmacha, up to this place Joab pursued the rebel Sabee; and afterward we read that it was captured by the king of the Assyrians. It is at the eighth milestone for those ascending from Eleutheropolis to Aelia, now a village called Machamim. Ballath, a city which Solomon built. Bethsarisa, from which a man came with gifts to the prophet Elisha. It is a village in the borders of Diospolis, about fifteen miles distant from it toward the north, in the region of Thamnitica. Bethagan, the road by which we read that Ochozias fled. Bazechaith, an ancient city of Judaea.

Bethacath, a village of Samaria, to which Jeu, king of Israel, came, which, situated in a very broad plain, is not more than fifteen miles distant from the town of Legio: for which Aquila translated "house of those who bend," Symmachus, "house of individuals" (because the entrance, being narrow and low, allowed only individuals, and not even those standing, to enter). Benith, which the Samaritans built, who had crossed over from the region of Babylon. Byblos, a city of Phoenicia, which Ezechiel mentions: for which in the Hebrew is contained GOBEL.

Bubastus, a city of Egypt: according to Ezechiel. Boz, in the land of Cedar, as Jeremiah writes. Bel, a Babylonian idol.

Bethsaida, a city in Galilee, of the Apostles Andrew, Peter and Philip, near the lake of Genesareth. Bethphage, a small village on the Mount of Olives, to which the Lord Jesus came. Bethania, a village at the second milestone from Aelia, on the slope of the Mount of Olives: where the Savior raised Lazarus, whose tomb the church now built there also shows. Bethabara, across the Jordan, where John baptized unto repentance, whence to this day very many of the brethren, that is, of the number of believers, desiring to be born again there, are baptized in the life-giving stream. Bethesda, a pool in Jerusalem, which was called (and can be interpreted by us as "of the sheep"). This once had five porticoes, and twin pools are shown, of which one is wont to be filled by the winter rains: the other, wondrously reddish, as if with bloody waters, bears witness to the marks of an ancient work. For they say that sacrificial victims used to be washed in it by the priests, whence it also received its name.

Carnaim Astaroth, Carnaim is now a large village in the corner of Batanaea and is called Carnaea across the streams of the Jordan: and they hand down that the house of Job was there. But we also mentioned above the small village of Carnaea, at the ninth milestone from Aelia. Cades, where is the well of judgment: there is also Cadesbarne in the desert, which is joined to the city of Petra in Arabia: there Maria died: and Moses, having struck the rock, gave water to the thirsting people. There is shown even to this day, in the same place, the tomb of Maria; and also the princes of Amalec were slain there by Chodorlaogomer. Cene, a region of the princes of the Idumaeans. Cariathaim, a city which the children of Ruben built. Now it is a village flourishing with Christians, near Medaba, a city of Arabia, and is called Corojatha, at the tenth milestone of the aforesaid city, toward the western region, neighboring the place which is called Baare.

Cariatharbee (that is, "village of four"), which is also Chebron, of which we have already spoken above. Canath, a village of Arabia, which is now called Canatha: which when Naban had taken, he called it Naboth. It was in the tribe of Manasse in the region of Trachonitis near Bostra. Cata ta chrysea (that is, "toward the golden ones"). These are mountains rich in gold in the desert, eleven stations distant from Choreb, near which Moses is said to have written Deuteronomy. But it is also thought that the mountains full of gold veins were once near the copper mine at Fano (which collapsed in our time). Cademoth, a desert, from which place Moses sent messengers to Seon (king of the Amorrhaeans). Cariath, a village which was under the metropolis of Gaba. Cedes, a city which Jesus captured, its king having been slain. It is in the lot of the tribe of Judah. Cademoth, another city of the children of Ruben. Cedson, in the tribe of Ruben, a city set apart for the Levites.

Capseel, in the tribe of Judah. Cina, in the tribe of Judah. Ceila, in the tribe of Judah, where David once dwelt, and now it is the village Cela toward the eastern region for those going from Eleutheropolis to Chebron, about the eighth milestone, in which the tomb of the prophet Ambacuc is shown. Cariathbaal, the city of Jarim in the tribe of Judah. Cana, in the tribe of Ephraim. Campsaim, in the tribe of Ephraim. Cane, in the tribe of Manasse. Cariathiarim, which is also Cariathbaal, "city of the woodlands," one of the cities of the Gabaonites belonging to the tribe of Judah, at the ninth milestone for those going from Aelia to Diospolis. From this place was Urias the prophet, whom Joacim killed in Jerusalem, as Jeremiah writes. But also in the book of Paralipomenon, the son of Sobal is called Cariathiarim. Ci-ion, in the tribe of Issachar, a city set apart for the Levites. Cartha, in the tribe of Zabulon, a city set apart for the Levites.

Cotta, in the tribe of Zabulon, a city set apart for the Levites. Cana, up to greater Sidon (for there is also another lesser one, for distinction from which this greater one is so called). Cana was in the tribe of Aser, where our Lord and Savior turned water into wine. Whence Nathanael, a true Israelite, is proved by the testimony of the Savior (and it is today a small town in Galilee of the Gentiles).

Cedes, of the lot of Nephthalim, a priestly city and a city of refuge, in Galilee upon the mountain of Nephthalim. But this too was captured by the king of the Assyrians, which is now called Cidissus, at the twentieth milestone of Tyre near Panaeas.

Chartham, in the tribe of Nephthalim, a city set apart for the Levites.

Cethron, in the tribe of Zabulon, in which the former inhabitants remained.

Carcar, where the sons of Zebee and Salmana were, whom Gedeon killed: and there is to this day a fortress with the surname Carcaria, one day's journey distant from the city of Petra.

Camon, the city of Jair, in which he was also buried, when he had first judged the people of Israel. It is called to this day the village Cimona, in a very broad plain, six miles from Legio toward the northern region for those going to Ptolemais. Cison, a torrent, near Mount Thabor: where battle was fought against Sisara.

Cadomi, a torrent, near which Debbora waged war.

Coelas Titanorum (that is, "the valley of the Giants"), against whom David fought.

Clauthmon, that is, "the place of weeping," taking its name from the lamentation.

Ceni, a region of the Philistines.

Carmelus, where Nabal was once of Carmel, and now there is a village named Chermela, at the tenth milestone of the town of Chebron, inclining toward the eastern region, where also a Roman garrison has been placed.

Cedron, called the torrent, or valley of Cedron, near Jerusalem (on the eastern side: which John the Evangelist also mentions).

Cyrene (within the borders of Egypt), to which place the king of the Assyrians transferred the Damascenes.

Coa, which is near Egypt.

Carchedon, that is, Carthage: which Isaiah and Ezekiel recall in the vision of Tyre: for which THARSIS is written in the Hebrew. But we have spoken more fully of this in the books of Hebrew Questions.

Coelas, that is, the valley of Josaphat between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives.

Cedem, in Ezekiel: which Aquila and Symmachus interpret as the east.

Cedar, in Ezekiel, the princes of Cedar. But Isaiah and Jeremiah also recall this name in the vision of Arabia. It is a region in the desert of the Saracens, so named from Cedar, son of Ishmael.

Carioth, in the region of the Moabites: as Jeremiah writes.

Capharnaum, near the lake of Gennezar: to this day a town situated in Galilee of the nations, within the borders of Zabulon and Nephthalim.

Thus far we ought to read under the letter C, that is, the Greek KAPPA: from here on we must write and likewise read under the letter CHI, which contains in itself an aspiration, and is not at all found among the Latins.

Chalanne, a city of the kingdom of Nemrod in Babylon: which Isaiah also mentions, saying, And Chalanne, where the tower was built.

Chalach, a city of the Assyrians, which Assur built when he went out from the land of Sennaar.

Charran, a city of Mesopotamia (beyond Edessa), which to this day is called Charra (where the Roman army was cut down, and the general Crassus was captured).

Chebron, which was formerly called Arbe (though in the Greek copies it is wrongly given as Arboc); it was founded seven years before the Egyptian city of Tanis was founded. We have also spoken of it above. It was moreover the metropolis of the Enacim (whom we ought to understand as giants and mighty men).

Chobaa, on the left side of Damascus. There is also a village Chobaa, in the same regions, having Hebrew inhabitants who, believing in Christ, (keep all the precepts of the law. And from the founder of the heresy) they are called Ἐβιωνῖται (Ebionites). (Against this kind of teaching the Apostle Paul writes to the Galatians.)

Chabratha, which Aquila translates καθ' ὁδὸν, that is, along the way that leads to Ephrata, that is, Bethlehem: where Rachel died after giving birth to Benjamin. What we think about this word, we have said in the books of Hebrew Questions.

Chazbi, where Thamar bore twin sons to Judah. The place is now shown, deserted, near Odollam within the borders of Eleutheropolis. Of this also we have discussed more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.

Choreb, the mountain of God in the region of Madian, near Mount Sina above Arabia in the desert (to which is joined the mountain and desert of the Saracens, which is called Pharan. But it seems to me that the same mountain is called by two names, now Sinai, now Choreb).

Charada, the camp of the sons of Israel.

Chennereth, a sea where the border of Judaea is, in the tribe of Nephthaliim. (But also the town which afterward King Herod of Judaea restored and named Tiberias, in honor of Tiberius Caesar, they say was first called by this name.)

Chephira, a village belonging to the city of Gabaon in the tribe of Benjamin.

Chasalon, in the tribe of Judah, and a very large village within the borders of Aelia.

Chisil, in the tribe of Judah.

Chabon, in the tribe of Judah.

Chaphul, in the tribe of Judah.

Chermel, whence Nabal the Carmelite came, of which we have spoken above also.

Chilon, in the tribe of Judah.

Chephri, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Chasselath Thabor, in the tribe of Zabulon.

Chetthiim, the land of Chetthiim, called Cyprus, in which Luza founded a city. (For indeed to this day the city is called Cypricittium.)

Charri, to which place Joab pursued Sabee who was plotting rebellion.

Chomarim, where Josias burned the idols.

Chalanne, where the tower was built, according to Isaiah (as we said above). (Charran, a city of the Assyrians in the region of Themath, according to Isaiah.)

Chaselath, near Thabor, the border of Zabulon: we have spoken of it above under the name Chasalus.

Chabol, the border of Aser.

Chalab, whose former inhabitants Aser was unable to expel.

Chorath, a torrent beyond the Jordan (in which Elijah hid, in the region opposite the same river).

Chotha, a region of the Assyrians.

Chobar, a river of Babylon, as in Ezekiel.

Charchamis, a city near the river Euphrates.

Chamaam, a little village near Bethlehem.

Chalon, also called Ealon, a town of Moab as it is written in Jeremiah.

Chamos, the idol of Moab.

Chorozain, a town of Galilee, which Christ, because of its unbelief, pitiably laments and mourns. It is now desolate, at the second milestone from Capharnaum.

Chimarrus, that is, the torrent Cedron, of which we spoke above, between the Mount of Olives and Jerusalem, where John the Evangelist narrates that the Lord the Savior was betrayed.

Dasem, a noble city of the Assyrians, which Assur built, between Nineveh and Chalach.

Drys, that is, the oak of Mambre, near Chebron (which, up to the age of my childhood and the reign of the emperor Constantius, was shown as a very ancient terebinth tree, its great size testifying to its years), under which Abraham dwelt. (It was moreover held in wondrous veneration by the pagans, and consecrated as if by some special divine presence.)

Damascus, a noble city of Phoenicia. By the same name also was Masec called, the son of Abraham's handmaid. (Now what Masec means, I have discussed more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions: here I have only performed the duty of a translator, not that I approve that Abraham's handmaid was called Masec.)

Dan, a small village at the fourth milestone from Paneas as one goes toward Tyre: which to this day is so called, the boundary of the province of Judaea toward the north, from which also the river Jordan bursts forth. (It took its name from the place: for Jor the Hebrews call ῥεῖθρον, that is, a stream, or river.)

Dannaba, the city of Balac, son of Beor, king of Edom, after whom Job reigned (though it seems to me quite otherwise), and there is to this day a village Dannaba, at the eighth milestone from Areopolis as one goes toward the Arnon; and another Dannaba above Mount Phogor, at the seventh milestone from Esbus.

Dothaim, where Joseph found his brothers pasturing the flocks, which is shown to this day at the twelfth milestone from Sebaste, toward the north.

Debon, also called Dibon, the camp of the sons of Israel in the wilderness. There is also another Dibon, a very large village near the Arnon, which, though it had first belonged to the sons of Moab, and afterward Sehon king of the Amorrhites held it by right of war, was captured and possessed by the sons of Israel, and fell to the portion of the tribe of Gad. Jeremiah and Isaiah mention this in the vision against Moab.

Debangad, the camp of the sons of Israel.

Dymemoab, that is, to the west of Moab, near the Jordan opposite Jericho: where Balac king of Moab and the elders of Madian deceived Israel by their wiles, in which place also Moses wrote Deuteronomy.

Dabira, a city in the tribe of Dan, whose king Joshua slew. There is also another small village of the Jews on Mount Thabor in the region belonging to Diocaesarea.

Dornapheth (which Symmachus rendered, Dor by the sea). This is Dora, at the ninth milestone from Caesarea Palaestinae as one goes toward Tyre, now deserted: which, though it had fallen to the lot of the tribe of Manasse, they could not possess, because the former inhabitants remained in it.

Dabir, in the tribe of Judah, which was called the city of letters; Gothoniel, brother of Caleb, seized it, having slain the Enacim in it. It was also itself set apart for the priests. (Some, moreover, think Gothoniel was the son of Caleb's brother.)

Dabir, beyond the Jordan, a city of the Amorrhites.

Dimona, in the tribe of Judah.

Dadan, in the tribe of Judah.

Denna, in the tribe of Judah, and is the same as Dabir, the city of letters.

Dahiva, or Dahiud, in the tribe of Judah.

Duma, in the tribe of Judah, a large village in the Daroma, that is, toward the southern region, within the borders of Eleutheropolis, seventeen miles distant from it.

Damna, in the tribe of Zabulon, a city set apart for the Levites.

Dasbath, in the tribe of Zabulon.

Dabrath, in the tribe of Issachar, a city set apart for the Levites.

Drys, that is, the oak, in Ephrata, in the tribe of Manasse, whence Gedeon came. What we think about this, we have said in the books of Hebrew Questions. For it is asked how Ephrata can now be said to be in the tribe of Manasse.

Dibon, of which we have spoken above, which Isaiah mentions in the vision against Moab.

Deseth, which Aquila translated as wall; Symmachus, as rampart.

Dodanim, of which Isaiah writes in the vision of Arabia. It is near Areopolis. Darom, which Ezekiel mentions, which Symmachus renders, toward Africa.

Diospolis, a city of Egypt, as Ezekiel writes.

Dadan, in the region of Cedar, of which Jeremiah writes.

Deblataim, in the land of Moab, as Jeremiah writes.

Dedan, in the region of Idumaea, concerning which Jeremiah writes. It is at the fourth milestone from Metallofenum, toward the north.

Decapolis, as we read in the Gospel. It is a region of ten cities beyond the Jordan, around Hippus and Pella and Gadara.

Eden, the place of the holy paradise toward the East, which is rendered as pleasure and delights.

Evila, where the purest gold is found (which in Hebrew is called zaab (זהב)) and most precious gems, the carbuncle and the emerald. It is a region lying toward the East, which the Phison, flowing forth from paradise, encircles: which our people, its name changed, call the Ganges. But also one of the lesser sons of Noah was called Evila, whom Josephus relates possessed, together with his brothers, the region from the river Cephenus and the land of India as far as the place called Hieria. But Ishmael too is written to have dwelt in the wilderness of Evila: which holy Scripture says is in the desert of Sur, facing Egypt, and extends as far as the land of the Assyrians.

Euphrates, a river of Mesopotamia, rising in paradise. (Now Sallust, a most reliable authority, asserts that the springs of both the Tigris and the Euphrates are shown in Armenia. From which we perceive that paradise and its rivers must be understood otherwise.)

Ellasar, the city of king Arioch.

Ephratha, the region of Bethlehem, the city of David, in which Christ was born. It is in the tribe of Judah (though many wrongly reckon it to be in the tribe of Benjamin), near the road where Rachel is buried, at the fifth milestone from Jerusalem, in the place which the Seventy call the Hippodrome. We read of Ephrathan in the book of Chronicles, as has been said above.

Ebrona, in the wilderness, a camp of the sons of Israel.

Emath, which the spies who were sent by Joshua passed through.

Erma, where a part of the people of Israel was cut down by the Amalekite and the Canaanite, whom Scripture in Deuteronomy calls the Amorrhite.

Esebon, the city of Sehon, king of the Amorrhites, in the land of Galaad: which, though it had formerly belonged to the Moabites, was possessed by the Amorrhites by right of war. Jeremiah mentions it, and Isaiah too in the vision against Moab. It is now called Esbus, a notable city of Arabia, in the mountains that face Jericho, twenty miles distant from the Jordan. It was in the tribe of Ruben, set apart for the Levites.

Edrai, where Og, king of Basan, a giant and mighty man, was slain, and his whole army cut down. It is now Adra, a notable city of Arabia, at the twenty-fourth milestone from Bostra.

Eleale, a city of the Amorrhites in Galaad, which fell to the lot of the tribe of Ruben. Isaiah mentions it in the vision against Moab, and Jeremiah too: but to this day a large village is shown at the first milestone from Esbus.

Enza, which is next to the desert of Cades.

Ermon, mount Ermon, which the Phoenicians surname Sanior: already set forth above.

Emec Achor, which is interpreted, the valley of Achor (that is, of tumult and disturbances), where Achan was crushed with stones, because he had taken certain things from the anathema. It is a place near Jericho, not far from Galgala. (Wrongly, therefore, do some think that the valley of Achor was named from him who was stoned, since he was called Achan, and not Achor, or Achar.)

Eglom, which is also Odollam, in the tribe of Judah: whose king, named Dabir, Joshua slew. It is now a very large village, in the twelfth milestone from Eleutheropolis toward the East: of which we have also spoken above.

Esrom, which is also Asor, near the wilderness in the tribe of Judah: of which it has also been said above.

Enacim, and in this place Joshua slew the Enacim giants from the mountainous region in Chebron. (But it seems to me that Enacim is not the name of the place, but of the inhabitants of Chebron.)

Ephron, in the tribe of Judah. There is also a very large village named Ephraea toward the north, in the twentieth milestone from Aelia.

Edre, in the tribe of Judah.

Ethnam, in the tribe of Judah.

Ebeziuthia, in the tribe of Judah.

Evim, in the tribe of Judah.

Elolath, in the tribe of Judah.

Ereb, in the tribe of Judah. There is even today a village in Daroma, that is, toward the South, which is also called Eremiththa.

Esan, in the tribe of Judah.

Etul, in the tribe of Judah. There is also today, in the region belonging to Aelia, a village named Atula, near Chebron.

Elthece, in the tribe of Judah: there is even today the village Thecua, in the ninth milestone from Aelia toward the southern quarter, from which the prophet Amos came, whose tomb is also shown there.

Engaddi, in the tribe of Judah: where David was hidden in the wilderness, which is in the Plain of Jericho, that is, in that flat region, of which we have spoken above. There is still today a very large village of the Jews called Engadda, near the Dead Sea, whence also opobalsam comes (which vineyards Solomon calls the vineyards of Engaddi).

Esthemo, a priestly city, but now a very large village of the Jews is shown in Daroma, which place belongs to the region of Eleutheropolis. Emec Raphaim, that is, the valley of Raphaim, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Edomia, in the tribe of Benjamin: but now there is shown the village Eduma in Acrabittene, about twelve miles distant from Neapolis toward the East.

Erma, and this Joshua took, its king being slain: which fell in the lot of Symeon, or of Judah.

Ether, of the lot of Symeon, and now there is a very large village named Jeththira, in inner Daroma near Malatha.

Eththa, in the tribe of Symeon. Elcath, in the tribe of Asher, a city set apart for the Levites. Edrai, in the tribe of Nephthalim. Es haul, in the tribe of Dan, where Samson died: which is shown even today in the tenth milestone from Eleutheropolis for those going toward Nicopolis, in the north. Eltheco, in the tribe of Dan, set apart for the Levites. Elba, from which the tribe of Asher was not able to expel the former inhabitants. Eremmon, a very large village of the Jews in the sixteenth milestone from Eleutheropolis toward the south, in Daroma. Emathdor, in the tribe of Nephthalim, set apart for the Levites. Emath, the boundary of the Allophyli in the region of Damascus.

Ergab, to which place Jonathan the son of Saul directs an arrow, practicing himself in military missiles. For this word Aquila and Symmachus have interpreted "a stone," though in another place Symmachus has said for this τὸν περίμετρον. Echela, where David was hidden: but now the village is called Eccela, in the seventh milestone from Eleutheropolis, near which also the tomb of the prophet Ambacuc is shown. Elmoni, is interpreted "a certain place": for which Aquila and Theodotion have translated τὸνδε τινὰ, which we can render "this one or that one." (Moreover let the diligent reader take note, as I also touched upon in part at the beginning of this book, that I do not vouch for everything that I translate: but that I leave certain things according to the Greek authority, because I have discussed these matters more fully in the Books of Hebrew Questions.) Esthema, to which place David sent. Eloth, which king Azarias built. Emath, in Isaiah a city of Damascus, which the king of the Assyrians attacked. Zechariah and Ezekiel mention this.

In Amos also it is written Emath Rabba (which sounds with us "Emath the great"). We have said of this above also, that it seemed to us that this is Epiphania near Emesa (which even today is so called in the Syriac tongue).

Eser, a city which Solomon built, Elcese, from which place also the prophet Nahum came, for he is called the Elcesite. Emacim, which Symmachus and Aquila translated as "of the valleys."

Emmaus, from which place came Cleophas, whom the Evangelist Luke mentions: this is now Nicopolis, a distinguished city of Palestine. Ephraim, near the wilderness, to which the Lord Jesus came with his disciples. We have spoken of this above also under the name Ephon. Thus far, under the short letter E, the beginnings of the names have been read. Henceforth let us read under the long form of the element, which in Greek is called heta.

Elath, the region of the princes of Edom, and the city of Esau, in the tenth milestone from Petra toward the East. Eroum (Gesse), a city in Egypt, to which Joseph went out to meet his father Jacob. Heliopolis, the city of the sun, a city in Egypt, for which in the Hebrew is written On, in which Petefres the priest was. Ezekiel also mentions this. Etham, the camp of the children of Israel in the desert, which is called Ebutham (perhaps also Butham).

Engannim, in the tribe of Judah, now a village near Bethel. Enaim, in the tribe of Judah, even today there is a village Bethenim around the Terebinth. Endor, in the tribe of Manasseh, where the Pythonissa was consulted by Saul king of Judea. We have spoken above also of Endor, which is near the town of Naim, in whose gates the Savior raised up the widow's son. It is near Scythopolis. Enganni, in the tribe of Issachar, a city set apart for the Levites. But there is also another city called Enganna, around Gerasa across the Jordan. Enadda, in the tribe of Issachar. There is even today a certain village Ennadab, for those going from Eleutheropolis to Aelia, at about the tenth milestone. Enasor, in the tribe of Nephthalim, has been set down above as Asor.

Ereccon, the boundary of the tribe of Dan, near Joppa.

Etam, where Samson dwelt, in the cave of Etam, near the torrent.

Ela, we read of the valley of Ela: which Aquila and Theodotion interpret as "the valley of the oak." Engaddi, a desert, in which David was hidden. We have also set down above Engaddi in the tribe of Judah near the Dead Sea, toward the West. Emath, the region of the Allophyli. Moreover, according to Jeremiah, a city of Damascus. Enam, the boundary of Damascus, as is read in Ezekiel, inclining toward the East from Thema and the Palm-groves: which the other interpreters have rendered "Thamar."

Fison, which is interpreted "a company": a river which our people (the Greeks) call the Ganges, flowing out of paradise, and passing to the regions of India, after which it bursts forth into the sea. Moreover Scripture says that the whole region of Evila is encompassed by this river, where the choicest gold is born, and the carbuncle stone, and the leek-green stone. Faran, now a town across Arabia joined to the Saracens, who wander as vagrants in the wilderness. Through this way the children of Israel journeyed, when they had moved camp from mount Sinai. It is, then, as we have said, across Arabia toward the southern quarter, and it is distant from Aila toward the East, a journey of three days. Moreover, Scripture records that Ishmael dwelt in the desert of Pharan. Whence also the Ishmaelites (who are now the Saracens). We also read that Chodorlaomor the king struck those who were in the desert of Pharan. Filistiim, which is now called Ascalon, and around it the region of Palestine.

Fanuel, the place in which Jacob, wrestling all night, earned the name of Israel, near the torrent Jaboc (moreover Fanuel is interpreted "the face of God," from the fact that Jacob saw God there). Fogo, the city of Adad the king, which is in the region of Gabaolitica. Fenon, the camp of the children of Israel in the desert. It was formerly a city of the princes of Edom, now a small village in the desert, where the copper mines are (dug by the labor of the condemned), between the city of Petra and Zoara (of which we have also spoken above).

Fithom, a city of Egypt, which the children of Israel built.

Fin, the camp of the children of Israel in the desert. Fathura, a city across Mesopotamia, whence came Balaam the soothsayer: but also near Eleutheropolis a certain village named Fathura, for those going toward Gaza. Fogor, and Bethfogor, a mountain of the Moabites, to which king Balaac led Balaam the soothsayer, upon the brow of Liviada. But there is also another village Fogor, seen not far from Bethlehem (which is now called Phaora).

Fasga, a city of the Amorrhites. There is also a mountain toward the eastern quarter called Fasga, for which Aquila interprets "cut off." But the Seventy interpreters also, in a certain place, have translated Fasga as "cut off."

Fanuel, a city which Jeroboam built. Fanuel, a tower which Gideon overthrew. But also one of the sons of Hor was called Fanuel. Fraaton, whence was Abdon, judge of the people of Israel, on mount Amalec.

Felmoni almoni, which Aquila interprets "that one or this one." Symmachus, however, "I know not what place." Theodotion, "that place Elmon" (concerning which it has been discussed more fully in the Books of Hebrew Questions). Fogo, a city of the kingdom of Edom. Farfar, a river of Damascus. Fathore, a region of Egypt according to Ezekiel and Jeremiah, in which the Jewish fugitives dwelt.

Geon, a river, which among the Egyptians is called the Nile, rising in paradise, and going about the whole of Ethiopia. Gomorrha, one of the five cities of the Sodomites, which along with the rest was overthrown by divine vengeance. Gerara, from whose name now the Geraritic region is called across Daroma, twenty-five miles distant from Eleutheropolis toward the south. Moreover it was formerly the boundary of the Canaanites toward the southern quarter, and a metropolis city of Palestine. Scripture records that it was between Cades and Sur, that is, between two wildernesses: of which one adjoins Egypt, to which the people came across the strait of the Red Sea; the other, that of Cades, extends as far as the desert of the Saracens. Galaad, the mountain to which, on the seventh day of his flight from Charrae, Jacob came as a fugitive. It lies behind Phoenicia and Arabia, joined to the hills of Lebanon: and it extends through the desert as far as that place where Seon king of the Amorrhites once dwelt across the Jordan.

The aforesaid mountain fell to the lot of the children of Ruben (and Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh; but Jeremiah also speaks, "Galaad, thou art to me the beginning of Lebanon"), from which mountain also the city built upon it received its name: which Galaad, son of Machir, son of Manasseh, took from the hand of the Amorrhites. Gader, a tower, where, while Jacob dwelt, Ruben defiled his father's bed (which without the letter G is written in Hebrew Ader (עדר)). Getthaim, for which in the Hebrew is set Avith, the city of Adad, who reigned fourth in the land of Idumea, which is now called Gebalene.

Gesem, a region of Egypt, in which Jacob dwelt with his children.

Gasiongaber, an encampment in the wilderness of the children of Israel, as is written in the book of Numbers. Moreover, according to Deuteronomy it is a city of Esau, which they now think is called Esiam, near the Red Sea and Aila. Gai, an encampment in the wilderness of the children of Israel: and to this day a city of Palestine is called Gaia, near the city of Petra. Gelmon Deblathaim, an encampment, that is, a station of the children of Israel in the desert. Gadgad, a mountain in the desert, where the children of Israel encamped. Gaza, a city of the Hivites, in which the Cappadocians dwelt, after the former inhabitants had been slain.

Among the ancients it was the border of the Canaanites near Egypt, and it fell to the lot of the tribe of Judah: but that tribe could not hold it, because the Enakim, that is the giants, the strongest of the Allophyli, resisted; and it is to this day a notable city of Palestine. (It is asked, however, how it is said in a certain Prophet that Gaza would become an everlasting mound: which is thus resolved: that the site of the ancient city scarcely furnishes traces of its foundations, but that the city which is now seen was built in another place, in place of the one that fell.) Gargasi, a city across the Jordan, joined to Mount Galaad, which the tribe of Manasseh held. And this is now said to be Gerasa, a notable city of Arabia. But some reckon it to be Gadara. And the Gospel also mentions the Gergesenes. Gaggada, where the torrents of waters are. It is a place in the wilderness.

Gaulon, or Golam, a priestly city and city of refuge in the tribe of Manasseh, in the region of Basanitis. And even now a very large village in Batanaea is called Gaulon, from whose name the region also received its designation. Gebal, a mountain in the land of promise, where an altar was built at the command of Moses. Now near Jericho there are two neighboring mountains facing each other, of which one is called Garizim, the other Gebal. But the Samaritans think that these two mountains are near Neapolis; but they are gravely mistaken: for they are very far apart from each other, nor can the voices of those blessing or cursing be heard between them (which Scripture mentions). Garizim, the mountain upon which stood those who echoed the curses, next to the aforesaid mountain Gebal. Golgol, which is also Galgal, near which the mountains Garizin and Gebal are written to be.

Galgal, however, is a place near Jericho. (The Samaritans err, therefore, who wish to show the mountains Garizin and Gebal near Neapolis, since Scripture testifies that they are near Galgal.) Gai, in Moab, which is interpreted "valley of Moab," near Phogor, where Moses was buried.

Galgala, this is the one we set above as Golgol, on the eastern side of ancient Jericho, on this side of the Jordan, where Joshua circumcised the people a second time, and celebrated the Passover, and when the manna failed, Israel used wheat loaves. In that same place they also set up the stones which they had taken from the bed of the Jordan: where too the tabernacle of testimony stood fixed for a long time. It fell to the lot of the tribe of Judah, and to this day a deserted place is shown at the second milestone from Jericho, held in wondrous veneration by the mortals of that region. But some also suspect another Galgala near Bethel. Gai, near Bethan and Bethel, which Joshua stormed, its king having been slain, and in which the Amorite once dwelt on this side of the Jordan; now only a deserted place is shown.

Gabaon, whence the Gabaonites came as suppliants to Joshua: it was once the metropolis and royal city of the Hivites, and it fell to the lot of the tribe of Benjamin. And now a village of the same name is shown at the fourth milestone from Bethel toward the west, near Rama and Remmon: where Solomon, having sacrificed victims, obtained the divine oracle. It was also itself set apart for the Levites. Gabe, of the lot of Benjamin, and this too a city set apart for the Levites. Gazer, in the lot of the tribe of Ephraim, a city set apart for the Levites: which Joshua also stormed, its king having been slain. It was afterward built by Solomon: now it is called the village Gazara, at the fourth milestone from Nicopolis toward the north. Yet it must be known that Ephraim was not able to expel the foreigners from it. Goson, this too Joshua stormed. Geth, in which the giants who were called Enakim, and the neighbors of the Philistines, remained.

A village is shown at the fifth milestone from Eleutheropolis going toward Diospolis. Gesom, a city of foreigners, which is in Gargasi in Basanitis: from which the children of Israel were not able to expel the Gesurites. Gader, and its king too Joshua slew. We read that Jacob pitched his tent beyond the tower of Gader.

Goim in Gelgel: which Aquila and Symmachus interpret as "nations in Gelgel." Gelgel, this too Joshua took: and now a village is shown named Galgulis, at the sixth milestone from Antipatris toward the north. Golathmaim, a place which is interpreted "possession of water." Gadda, in the tribe of Judah. There is still today a village on the farthest borders of Daroma toward the east, overlooking the Dead Sea. Gadera, in the tribe of Judah: now a village belonging to the territory of the city of Aelia is called Gadora, near the Terebinth. Gahedur, in the tribe of Judah: today it is called Gedrus, a very large village at the tenth milestone from Diospolis going toward Eleutheropolis. Gabli, the land of the Allophyli. Gison, in the tribe of Judah. Gelon, in the tribe of Judah. Gaderoth, in the tribe of Judah. Getremmon, in the tribe of Manasseh, a city set apart for the Levites. Gai, a valley, or a precipice. Gehennom, which is interpreted "valley of Ennom," and from this some think Gehenna is named.

It fell to the lot of the tribe of Benjamin, near the wall of Jerusalem toward the east (concerning which more has been said in the books of Hebrew Questions). Gethepher, in the tribe of Zabulon. Gethhael, that is, "valley of Efthael," in the tribe of Zabulon. Gabathon, in the tribe of Dan, a city set apart for the Levites. There is also a town called Gabe, at the sixteenth milestone from Caesarea, and another village Gabatha in the borders of Diocaesarea near the great plain of Legion; and also Gaba and Gabatha, small villages toward the eastern side of Daroma. But there is also another Gabatha in the tribe of Benjamin, where the house of Saul was: and a certain Gabatha of the foreigners is also mentioned in the Books of Kingdoms (and one near Bethlehem in the tribe of Judah). Getremmon, another city in the tribe of Dan, set apart for the Levites. It is now a very large village at the twelfth milestone from Diospolis going toward it from Eleutheropolis.

Galiloth, a place near the Jordan in the tribe of Benjamin: where the children of Reuben set up an altar to the Lord. Gaas, a mountain in the tribe of Ephraim, on whose northern side Joshua the son of Nun was buried, and to this day his notable tomb is shown near the village of Thamna. Gabaath, in the tribe of Benjamin, the city of Phinees son of Eleazar: where Eleazar was buried. It is now Gabatha, a village at the twelfth stone from Eleutheropolis, where also the tomb of the prophet Habacuc is shown. Gabaam, up to which war was waged against the tribe of Benjamin, as is written in the book of Judges (Judges 20).

Geththa, to which place they transferred the ark of the covenant from Azotus: now a large village is called Geththam, between Antipatris and Jamnia. But another village is also called Geththim. Gallim, whence was Phalthi, who after David's flight had taken Michol his wife. Isaiah also mentions this place. There is said to be a certain village near Accaron, which is called Gallaa. Gelamsur, a region of the Allophyli. Gelboe, mountains of the foreigners, at the sixth stone from Scythopolis, on which there is also a large village which is called Gelbus. Gedud, to which David went down: for which Aquila translates τὸν εὔζωνον, that is, "the light-armed," or "the girded"; Symmachus, "a band of robbers." Gazera, where David struck down the foreigners. We have also set down Gazer above. Gesur, a region of foreigners in Syria. Gilon, whence was Achitophel. Gob, where a battle was fought.

Galilaea: there are two Galilees, of which one is called Galilee of the Gentiles, near the borders of the Tyrians, where also Solomon gave twenty cities to Hiram king of Tyre, in the lot of the tribe of Nephthali: the other is called Galilee around Tiberias and the pool of Genezareth, in the tribe of Zabulon. Gion, where Solomon was anointed king. Ger, a place where Jehu king of Israel struck down Ochozias king of Judah, near Jeblaam.

Gettha-Chopher, whence the prophet Jonas was. Gaddi, which Azael king of Damascus struck down. It has also been set above as Gadda. Gemala, a region of the Idumaeans, for which Aquila and Symmachus interpret "the valley of salt." Gebin, Isaiah mentions this. And there is a village Geba, at the fifth milestone from Gupna going toward Neapolis. Gozen, in the region of Emath: and Isaiah mentions this too. It is on the borders of Damascus. Gareb, a hill near Jerusalem, as Jeremiah writes. Gebarth: for which Aquila interprets "in the hedges"; Symmachus, however, "in the settlements." Gepha, the name of a region, as is written in Isaiah. Gamam, or Gamon, a region of the Moabites, according to Isaiah.

Gadara, a city across the Jordan, situated on a mountain opposite Scythopolis and Tiberias toward the east, at whose foot hot springs burst forth, with baths built above. Gergesa, where the Savior restored to health those who were troubled by demons, and to this day a small village is shown upon the mountain, near the pool of Tiberias, into which the swine were cast headlong. We have spoken of this above also. Gethsemani, the place where the Savior prayed before his Passion. It is at the foot of the Mount of Olives, and now a church is built above it. Golgotha, the place of Calvary, in which the Savior was crucified for the salvation of all, and it is shown to this day in Aelia on the northern side of Mount Sion.

Jaboc, a river, having crossed which, Jacob wrestled against him who appeared to him, and was called Israel. It flows between Amman, that is, Philadelphia, and Gerazan (at the fourth milestone from it), and proceeding further, it mingles with the river Jordan. Idumaea, the region of Esau: which received its name from the fact that he was called Edom. It is around the city Petra, which is now called Gabalene. Itheth, a region of the princes of Edom, in the same region we spoke of above, Gebalene.

Iroth, a place of the desert, to which the children of Israel came, crossing the Red Sea.

Jetabatha, an encampment in the wilderness of the children of Israel. Incendium, that is ἐμπυρισμός, a place in the desert, where a flame consumed a certain part of the people. Inthaath, an encampment in the desert of the children of Israel. Janna, which is in the plain of Moab, beneath the summit of Phasga, that is, "cut off," which looks toward the desert near Arnon.

Jassa, where battle was fought against Sehon king of the Amorites. Isaiah mentions this in his vision against Moab: and Jeremiah too. And to this day it is shown between Medaba and Debus. Jazer, a city of the Amorites, at the tenth stone from Philadelphia toward the setting sun, across the Jordan, which was the border of the tribe of Gad, and extends as far as Aroer, which itself also looks toward Rabba. Isaiah also mentions the city Jazer in his vision against Moab, and Jeremiah too. It was set apart for the Levites, and is distant from Esebon by fifteen miles, from which a great river bursts forth, and is received by the Jordan. Jordanes, the river dividing Judaea, Arabia, and Aulon, of which we have spoken above, and flowing as far as the Dead Sea, which after many windings, near Jericho, mingling with the Dead Sea, loses its name. Jetabatha, a place in the desert, where torrents of waters are shown.

Jericho, the city which, the Jordan having been crossed, Joshua overthrew, its king having been slain: in place of which he built another Oza from Bethel, of the tribe of Ephraim, which our Lord and Savior deigned to illumine with his presence. But this one too, at the time when Jerusalem was being besieged by the Romans on account of the treachery of its citizens, was captured and destroyed. In place of it a third city was built, which remains to this day, and the remains of both cities are shown to the present day.

Jerusalem, in which Adonibesec reigned, and afterward the Jebusites held it, from whom it also received its name, whom David, long afterward exterminating, made the metropolis of the whole province of Judaea: because there he bought the place of the temple (and left the expenses of the building to his son Solomon: Josephus reports that this is so), which in Genesis is written Salem, under king Melchisedech. It was in the tribe of Benjamin. Jebus, this is the same as Jerusalem. Jarim, a city of the Gabaonites. Jarimuth, a city which Joshua overthrew, in the tribe of Judah, at the fourth stone from Eleutheropolis, near the village of Esthaol. Isimoth, where David was hidden: concerning which we have also said above what seemed to us, setting down Bethsimuth. But also in the first Book of Kingdoms, for Isimuth, Aquila translates "scattered"; Symmachus, however, "deserted." Jedna, at the sixth stone from Eleutheropolis going toward Hebron.

Jeconam, a city of Carmel, which Joshua took, its king having been slain. Jair, a city of the tribe of Manasse. Jamnel, in the tribe of Juda, to this day the town of Palestine called Jamnia, between Diospolis and Azotus. Jabir, a city of letters in the tribe of Juda. Jathur, in the tribe of Juda. Jermus, in the tribe of Juda. And there is to this day a village Jermucha, at the tenth milestone from Eleutheropolis for those going up to Aelia. Jectael, in the tribe of Juda. Jectan, in the tribe of Juda. Jether, in the tribe of Juda, a priestly city. And now there is a very great village named Jethira, at the twentieth milestone of Eleutheropolis: all its inhabitants also are Christians. It is situated in the inner Daroma, near Malathan. We have spoken of this above also. Janum, in the tribe of Juda: there is a village Janua, at the third milestone from Legion toward the South. But this does not seem to be the one that is written of.

Jetan, in the tribe of Juda, a priestly city, is to this day a very great village of the Jews at the eighteenth milestone from Eleutheropolis toward the southern part, in Daroma. Jesrael, in the tribe of Juda: but this is not the same as the one above. Jezrael, in the tribe of Manasse: to this day a very great village is shown in the great Plain between Scythopolis and Legion. It was the boundary of Issachar. But also one of the descendants of Ephrata, as we read in Paralipomenon, was called Jezrael. Jecdaan, in the tribe of Juda. Jephlethi, in the tribe of Joseph. Jano, in the tribe of Ephraim. This too the king of the Assyrians took: and to this day a village Jano is shown, in the region of Acrabittena, at the twelfth milestone of Neapolis toward the East. Jamin: for which Aquila and Symmachus translate, the right hand. Jaseb: for which the Hebrews read, inhabitants. Inemec: for which Aquila and Symmachus translated, into the valley.

Jeblaam, in the tribe of Manasse, from which they were not able to expel the foreigners. Jerphel, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Jecnal, in the tribe of Zabulon, a city set apart for the Levites. Jasthie, in the tribe of Zabulon: it is now still called Joppe, the ascent of Japho. But also a town named Sycaminum, for those going from Caesarea to Ptolemais along the sea, is called Epha on account of Mount Carmel. Jephthael, in the tribe of Zabulon. Jadela, in the tribe of Zabulon. Jermoth, in the tribe of Issachar, a city set apart for the priests. We have also placed above Jerimuth, of which the prophet Osee also makes mention. Icoc, of the lot of Nephtali, on the border of three tribes: that is, in the tribe of Zabulon toward the southern side, in the tribe of Aser toward the west, and further in the tribe of Juda toward the rising of the sun. Jabnel, in the tribe of Nephtali. Jeron, in the tribe of Nephtali.

Jethlam, in the tribe of Dan. Jelon, in the tribe of Dan. Jud, in the tribe of Dan. Jerachon, waters, in the tribe of Dan. Inlechi: for which Aquila translates, in the jawbone. Jabis Galaad, this also the sons of Israel attacked. Now it is a village across the Jordan, at the sixth milestone of the city of Pella, on the mountain for those going to Gerasa. From the books of kings. Joar, a wood, in which there was a swarm of bees. Jerameli, a region of the Allophyli. Jether, to which David sent: now it is a village in Daroma, by the name of Jetthira, of which we have spoken above. Jecmaan, a city of the princes of Solomon. Itabyrium: for which Aquila and Symmachus in the prophet Osee translated, Thabor. And Mount Thabor is in the great Plain toward the eastern side of Legion. Jecthoel, the name of a rock in the books of Kings. Jethaba, an ancient city of Judaea. Inaczeb: for which Symmachus translated, in the valley of Zeb.

Inachim, or Inbachim: for which Aquila and Symmachus translated, in weeping. The prophet Micheas also makes mention of this. Joppe, a maritime town of Palestine in the tribe of Dan. Inaraba: for which Aquila translated, in the low place, or plain: further Symmachus, in the level ground. Ituraea and the region of Trachonitis, whose Tetrarch was Philip: as we read in the Gospels. Trachonitis is said to be the land next to the desert of Arabia, which joins Bostra.

Lasa, a boundary of the Chananaeans near Sidon. Luza, in the tribe of Benjamin, which Jacob afterward surnamed Bethel. And there is to this day a village on the left side of the road for those going from Neapolis to Aelia. Luza, this is another one, which fell into the lot of the sons of Joseph, near Sichem at the third milestone of Neapolis. Lotan, a city of the chiefs of Edom.

Lebona in the desert, a camp of the sons of Israel. Lobon, a place of the wilderness across the Jordan, in which Moses read Deuteronomy.

Lochis, in the tribe of Juda: this too Joshua took, its king having been slain. Isaias and Jeremias make mention of this: and now it is a village at the seventh milestone from Eleutheropolis going to Daroma. Lebna, in the tribe of Juda, a priestly city, which Joshua held, its king having been slain: now it is a village in the region of Eleutheropolis, called Lobna. Isaias also writes of this. Lasaron, this too Joshua took, its king having been slain. The stone of Boen, of the sons of Ruben: this is a boundary of the tribe of Juda. Laboth, in the tribe of Juda. Lamas, in the tribe of Juda. Labaoth, in the tribe of Symeon. Labanath, in the tribe of Aser. Lacum, a boundary of Nephtalim:

Laboemath: for which Aquila interprets, the Entrance of Emath. Lesem: this the sons of Dan captured by force, and surnamed it Dan. Luza, another one, near Bethel, in the land of the Cetthim, which he founded who had gone forth from Bethel, as the history relates. Lechi: for which Aquila and Theodotion interpret, jawbone (of which we have already spoken above). Laisa, this the sons of Dan captured by hand, and possessed, since it was far from Sidon, and they called it Dan. It was the boundary of the land of Judaea, toward the North, stretching from Dan even to Bersabee. Isaias also makes mention of this. It is situated near Paneas, from which the river Jordan bursts forth.

Lamatlhara, the place at which Jonathan directed his arrows, for which Aquila interprets, toward the sign: Symmachus, toward the agreed mark. Ladabar, where Miphibosthe was. Lodabar, from which Machir came. Libanus, the highest mountain of Phoenicia. Luith, of this Isaias makes mention: and to this day there is a village between Areopolis and Zoara by the name of Luitha.

Messe, a region of India, in which dwelt the sons of Jectan, the sons of Heber. Mambre, this is Chebron, near which Abraham was buried with Isaac and Jacob: of which we have spoken above also. But Mambre was also the name of one of the friends of Abraham. Madian, a city so named from one of the sons of Abraham by Chetthura. It is across Arabia toward the south in the desert of the Saracens, opposite the East of the Red Sea: whence they are called Madianites, and the Madianite region. We also read of the daughters of Jobab, the father-in-law of Moses, as daughters of Madian. But this is another city, of the same name, near the Arnon and Areopolis, of which now only ruins are shown.

Moab, so called from one of the sons of Lot, who was called Moab, a city of Arabia, which is now called Areopolis: of which we have made mention above also. And the region also is called Moab from the name of the city. Moreover the city itself possesses, as it were, its own proper name, Rabbath Moab (that is, the great Moab).

Masseca, a city of the kingdom of Edom, near Gebalene.

Mabsar, even to the present day a great village in the region of Gebalene is called Mabsara, belonging to the city of Petra.

Magediel, this too in the region of Gebalene, once possessed by the chiefs of Edom.

Magdolus, to which the sons of Israel came, when they had gone out of Egypt, before they crossed the Red Sea. We also read in Ezechiel of "from Magdolus even to Syene." Further Jeremias relates that the Jews, who had fled with him, avoiding the assault of the Babylonians, dwelt in this city of Egypt.

Merra, which is interpreted bitterness. It is a place, in which Moses turned bitter waters into a sweet taste by casting in a piece of wood.

Memoriae, that is, the graves of concupiscence, a camp of the sons of Israel in the desert, where after the eating of meats the wrath of God arose against them.

Maceloth, a camp of the sons of Israel in the wilderness.

Masuruth, a camp of the sons of Israel in the desert.

Matthane, which is now called Masechana. It is situated on the Arnon, at the twelfth milestone from there toward the eastern side of Medaba.

Misor, a city of Og, king of Basan. (Misor signifies flat and level places.)

Machanarath, a boundary of the city of Amman, which is also called Philadelphia.

Madobares, which we call the wilderness, this the Hebrews name Madrarim.

Misaida, of the sons of Jacim, a place in the wilderness, in which Aaron died.

Maceda, in this Joshua shut up five kings in a cave, whom he slew along with the king of Maceda, which was in the tribe of Juda: and now it is at the eighth milestone of Eleutheropolis toward the rising of the sun.

Madon, a city in which was king Jobab, against whom Joshua waged war.

Massepha, in the tribe of Juda, near which Jephte dwelt, next to Cariathiarim, where once the ark of the testament was, and Samuel judged the people. Jeremias also makes mention of this. Merrom, waters, at which, the army being prepared, camp was set. And now there is a village named Merrus at the twelfth milestone of the city of Sebaste near Dothaim.

Massephothmaim, for which Aquila translated, Massephoth of the waters: Symmachus, Massephoth of the sea.

Machathi, a city of the Amorrhaeans beyond the Jordan near Mount Aermon, from which the sons of Israel were not able to exterminate the Machathite.

Marom, this too Joshua took, its king having been slain. (Marrus was set down above also.)

Mageddo (this too Joshua took, its king having been slain): which, when it had fallen into the lot of the tribe of Manasse, they by no means possessed, since they could not expel the former inhabitants.

Misor: for which Aquila and Symmachus translated, low. It is a city of the tribe of Ruben, set apart for the Levites in the region of Gebalene.

Medaba, to this day a city of Arabia, keeping its ancient name, near Esebon.

Maphaath, in the tribe of Benjamin. But there is also another one across the Jordan, in which a garrison of Roman soldiers is stationed on account of the nearness of the wilderness.

Masapha, in the tribe of Gad, set apart for the Levites. There is also another one now called Maspha, in the borders of Eleutheropolis toward the north for those going to Aelia, belonging to the tribe of Juda.

Maanaim, in the tribe of Gad, set apart for the Levites, in the region of Galaaditis. Moladab, in the tribe of Juda, or of Simeon. Medemena, in the tribe of Juda, of which Isaias makes mention: and now it is the town Menois near the city of Gaza.

Magdala, in the tribe of Juda.

Maresa, in the tribe of Juda: of which now only ruins remain, at the second milestone of Eleutheropolis. Maon, in the tribe of Juda, toward the rising of the sun of Daroma.

Maroth, in the tribe of Juda.

Maddi, in the tribe of Juda.

Masfa, in the tribe of Benjamin.

Machoth, in the tribe of Manasse.

Marala, the ascent of Zabulon.

Masan, in the tribe of Aser, near Carmel by the sea, a city set apart for the Levites.

The Sea of Salt, which is called the Dead Sea, or the Sea of Asphalt, that is, of bitumen, between Jericho and Zoara.

Meeleb, a boundary of Nephtalim. Magdiel, in the tribe of Nephtalim, and to this day a small village is shown at the fifth milestone from Dora, for those going to Ptolemais. The Mount of Olives, to the east of Jerusalem, on which Jesus was instructing his disciples.

Mosphetaim: for which Aquila interprets, of the lots: Symmachus, of the neighborhoods. More, is the name of a hill (of which fuller discussion has been made in the Books of Hebrew Questions). Mennith, where Jephte fought: now the village Manith is shown, at the fourth milestone for those going from Esbus to Philadelphia. Machmas, to this day a great village is shown in the borders of Aelia, keeping its ancient name, nine miles distant from it, near the village Rama.

Messab, a hostile town near Gaba. Magdon, or Magron, where Saul encamped. Massepha, in Moab, to which David came as a fugitive when he was avoiding the plots of Saul. Masereth, in which David dwelt, now deserted: for which Aquila translates, fortifications; Symmachus, refuges; Theodotion, caves. Masbach, a hostile city of king Adrazar. Mela, that is, Gemela: which Aquila and Symmachus render, the Valley of Salt (we have spoken of this above as well). Maacha, region of king Gesur. Modeim, a village near Diospolis, whence came the Maccabees, whose tombs are shown there even to this day (I am indeed quite amazed how they show their relics at Antioch, or on what certain authority this is believed). Mabsar of Tyre: for which Aquila and Symmachus interpret, fortified Tyre. Magau, a city which Solomon built. Meeber: for which Aquila translated, ἀπὸ πέραν: Symmachus, ἐξ εναντίας, that is, across, or from the opposite side. Maces, a city of one of Solomon's princes.

Mello, a city which Solomon built. (Moreover Symmachus and Theodotion translated it as "filling up." And of this more is said fully in the Books of Hebrew Questions.) Maedam, a city which Solomon built. Memphis, a city of Egypt, of which Hosea, and Ezekiel, and Jeremiah, the prophets make mention; and indeed the Jews who had gone forth as fugitives from Jerusalem with Jeremiah dwelt in Memphis. Machaas, in Hosea, for which Aquila and Symmachus interpret, desires. Miletus, a city of Asia, of which Ezekiel writes. Mariboth, of which Ezekiel makes mention, saying: Even unto the water of Mariboth, for which Aquila, strifes; Symmachus, quarrels, or contradictions, interpret. Morasthi, whence was Micah the prophet. It is a village opposite the east of Eleutheropolis. Masagam, a region of the Moabites, as Jeremiah writes. Misor, a region of Moab, according to Jeremiah. Mophath, a region of the Moabites: as we read in Jeremiah. It is situated above Memphrua. Maon, a region of the Moabites, according to Jeremiah. Melchom, an idol of the Ammonites, as Jeremiah writes.

Magedan, to whose borders the Evangelist Matthew writes that the Lord came; but Mark also mentions the same name: now, however, the region is called Magedena, around Gerasa.

Naid, the land in which Cain dwelt, is translated as salum, that is, tossing, or fluctuation. Nineveh, a city of the Assyrians, which Assur built when he went out from the land of Senaar. There is also another city of the Jews, up to the present day, called by the name Nineveh, in a corner of Arabia (which they now call, with the vowel shortened, Nineve).

Naaliel, by the Arnon, an encampment of the children of Israel.

Nabau (which in Hebrew is called Nebo), a mountain above the Jordan opposite Jericho in the land of Moab, where Moses died: and it is shown to this day at the sixth milestone of the city Esbus, toward the eastern side.

Nabo, a city of the children of Reuben in the region of Gilead: of which Isaiah makes mention in his vision against Moab, and Jeremiah as well. There is also the name of a certain man Nabau, who named Caan (Chanaath), and the other villages that were round about it, from his own name, Naboth (Nobe). But even to this day a deserted place called Naba is shown, distant from the city Esbus eight miles toward the southern side.

Negeb, the South: among the Hebrews it is called Nageb, which Symmachus interprets as, the meridian region. (It should be known that the same region is called among the Hebrews by three names, Nageb, Theman, Darom, which we can interpret as Auster, Africus, and Meridies, or Eurus.)

Nepheddor (which Symmachus interprets as, maritime); Dor, moreover, is a town now deserted, at the ninth milestone from Caesarea, going toward Ptolemais. Naftho, the name of a spring in the tribe of Benjamin. Naama, a city of the tribe of Judah. Neesib, in the tribe of Judah, which is now called Nasibi, at the seventh milestone from Eleutheropolis, going toward Hebron. Nepsam, in the tribe of Judah. Naaratha, in the tribe of Ephraim, and now it is Naorath, a small village of the Jews, at the fifth milestone from Jericho. Napheth, in the tribe of Manasseh. Naalol, in the tribe of Zabulon, a city set apart for the Levites. Neceb, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Neela, from this Zabulon was not able to drive out the foreigners. There is even now, in the region of Batanea, a small village named Neila. Nabbe, or Nobba, to which Gideon went up, a city set apart for the priests, which we later read was overthrown by the madness of Saul. Nemra, a city of the tribe of Reuben in the land of Gilead: and up to the present a large village named Namara, in the region of Batanea.

Navioth, a place in Rama, where David dwelt (and we have spoken of this in the Books of Hebrew Questions). Nachon, the threshing-floor of Nachon: for which Aquila interprets, a prepared threshing-floor. Nephath, a city of one of Solomon's princes. Nerigel, this too the Samaritans, who came from Babylon, built in the land of Judea. Nezab, which the Hivites founded in the land of Judea. Nazareth, an idol of the Assyrians.

Nemerim, of which Isaiah makes mention in his vision against Moab, and Jeremiah as well: now it is a village named Bennamarim, toward the northern side of Zoara. Nebeoth, a region of which Isaiah writes.

Nazareth: whence also our Lord and Savior was called a Nazarene: but we too among the ancients were called, as a reproach, Nazarenes, whom they now call Christians. There is even to this day in Galilee a small village opposite Legio, at its fifteenth milestone toward the east, near Mount Tabor (named Nazara).

Naim, a small town, in which the Lord raised the widow's son from the dead, and it is shown to this day at the second milestone from Mount Tabor, toward the south, near Aendor.

Orech, a city of the kingdom of Nimrod in Babylon. Oolibama, a city of the princes of Edom. Odollam, we have spoken of this above too, which Isaiah also mentions.

Oothon, where the children of Israel encamped a second time, setting out from Succoth near the desert, when they had departed from Egypt.

Opher, this Joshua took, its king having been slain. Ooli, a city in the tribe of Asher. Ophra, the road of Ophra, leading to the land of Soal. Up to this point we have read the letter O as short: from here on let us read the letter as long.

On, a city in Egypt, which is called in Greek Heliopolis, that is, the city of the sun, which the children of Israel built, as the Seventy Interpreters suppose. Otherwise it is not found in the Hebrew volumes. And rightly so: since even before Jacob entered Egypt, the city had already been built, which also had a priest, Petephres, the father of Aseneth. Or, a mountain on which Aaron died, near the city of Petra, where to the present day a rock is shown, which, when struck, Moses gave water to the people. Oboth, in the desert, an encampment of the children of Israel.

Osa, in the tribe of Asher. Oram, in the tribe of Naphtali. Ophir, whence, as we read in the Books of Kings, gold was brought to Solomon. There was moreover a certain man of the descendants of Heber, named Ophir, from whose stock, coming from the river Cophen, as far as the region of India, which is called Hieria, Josephus relates that they dwelt, from which I think the region also got its name. On, a city of Samaria, for which in the Hebrew it is written aun (און), which both Aquila and Symmachus interpret as, useless; Theodotion, iniquity. Ocho, a city of the priests. Oronaim, a city of the Moabites, as it is written in Jeremiah.

The Well of the Oath, which Abraham dug, that is, Bersabee, in the region of Gerar. We have spoken of this above as well. The Well of the Vision, in the desert, at which Isaac dwelt. The Well of Judgment, up to the present day in the region of Gerar. It is called a village by the name Berdan (which in Latin is called the Well of Judgment). The Well of the Oath, where Isaac and Abimelech swore, and the town is called the town of Isaac. There are indeed also many other wells in the sacred Scriptures, which even now are shown in the region of Gerar and near Ascalon. Petra, a city of Arabia in the land of Edom, which was surnamed Jectael, and is called by the Syrians Recem.

Rooboth, a city of the Assyrians, which Assur built, going forth from the land of Sennaar (and of this we have spoken more fully in the Books of Hebrew Questions). Rooboth, another city near the river where the king of Edom was, and up to this day there is a fortress in the region of Gabalena (and a large village which is called by this name).

Ramesse, a city which the children of Israel built in Egypt: formerly, moreover, the whole province was called by this name, in which Jacob dwelt together with his children. Roob, which the spies passed through, who were sent by Joshua the son of Nun, and up to this day a village called Rooba, at the fourth milestone from Scythopolis, is so called, which was also set apart for the Levites. Raphaca, in the desert where the children of Israel encamped. Raphidim, a place in the desert near Mount Horeb, in which waters flowed from the rock, and which was named Temptation: where also Joshua fought against Amalek near Pharan. Rathma (in the desert), an encampment of the children of Israel. Remmon Phares, where the children of Israel encamped. Ressa, an encampment of the children of Israel. Rammoth, in the tribe of Gad, a city of the priests and of fugitives in the land of Gilead. Now, however, it is a village at the fifteenth milestone from Philadelphia toward the East.

Recem, this is Petra, a city of Arabia, in which Recem reigned, whom the children of Israel slew. The same is also called king of Midian.

Remmon, in the tribe of Simeon, or Judah: even now it is a village named Remmon, near Aelia, toward the North, at its fifteenth milestone. Rogel, the name of a spring in the tribe of Benjamin. Rama, in the tribe of Benjamin, a city of Saul, at the sixth milestone from Aelia toward the northern side, opposite Bethel. Jeremiah also mentions this. Recem, in the tribe of Benjamin. Remmon, the rock of Remmon, in the tribe of Simeon, or Zabulon. Rabboth, in the tribe of Issachar: there is even now another village Rebbo in the borders of Eleutheropolis toward the sunrise. Rethom, in the tribe of Issachar. Roob, in the tribe of Asher, a city set apart for the Levites. Rama, in the tribe of Asher, up to the fortified city of the Tyrians. Rama, in the tribe of Naphtali. The same names of villages are assigned to various tribes for this reason, that although among us one name may seem to sound alike, among the Hebrews they are written with different letters. Reccath, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Ruma, which is also Aria, where Abimelech dwelt, as it is written in the Book of Judges, which is now called Remphis. It is, moreover, in the borders of Diospolis, and is now called by many Arimathaea.

Remmath, to which David sent a portion of the spoil. Rachel, to which David also sent a portion of the spoils. Remmoth Galaad, a village across the Jordan near the river Jabbok. We have spoken of this above as well. Rabbath, a city of the kingdom of Ammon, now Philadelphia, of which Jeremiah makes mention. Roos, through which David passed: for which Aquila and Symmachus interpret, the citadel. Rogellim, whence was Berzellai the Gileadite (a friend of David). Raphaim, a valley of the Philistines toward the northern side of Jerusalem. Remmam, a city of the kings of Syria near Damascus. Reth, this Asa the king smote. Rothem, for which Aquila interprets ἄρκευθον, that is, juniper: Symmachus, a shady covering. Remmon, of which Isaiah makes mention in his vision against Moab. Raseph, a city of Syria. Raphet, a city of the Assyrians in the region of Theman, of which it is written in Isaiah. Rebla, in the land of Hamath: whence (the victor) Pharaoh carried away Joachaz (into Egypt).

Remma, a mountain in Isaiah: for which Aquila interprets, the mountain of Emmona; Symmachus, in Armenia. There is also a village Remmus in Daroma. Moreover, in the Books of Kings, Remmam is called the house of the Damascene idol. Reblatha, a region of the Babylonians (or the city which they now call Antioch).

Ramale: for which Aquila interprets, it shall be exalted: it is written in Zechariah. There is, moreover, another place in the tribe of Benjamin near Bethlehem, of which it is said: A voice was heard in Rama. (And of this more is said fully in the Books of Hebrew Questions.)

Rhinocorura, a city of Egypt, which Isaiah mentions. (It should be known, however, that this name is not found in the Hebrew books, but was added by the Seventy Interpreters for the sake of identifying the place.)

What we said in the book of Hebrew Names, this too must now be noted at the heading of the letter S: that among the Hebrews there are three S’s, that is, samec, sade, and sin. Since these are pronounced with a similar sound among the Greeks and Latins, in their own language they resound differently one from another. Whence it happens that the same names seem to us to sound differently, and this letter has more variety than the other letters. For places and cities and villages are described not from one letter, but from three.

Sidon, a notable city of Phoenicia, formerly the border of the Canaanites looking toward the North, and afterward of the region of Judea. It fell indeed into the lot of the tribe of Asher, but that tribe did not possess it, because it was in no way able to drive out the enemy. Sennaar, a plain of Babylon, in which the tower was built. From there Asshur went out and built Nineveh. Josephus mentions this place in the first book of the Antiquities, writing thus: “Concerning the plain which in the region of Babylonia is called Sennaar, the historian Hestiaeus relates, saying: Certain fugitive priests, carrying off the sacred things from the temple of Enyalius Jupiter, came to the plain of Sennaar in Babylonia.” Sichem and Salem, which (in Latin and Greek) is called Sicima, the city of Jacob, now deserted. The place is shown, however, in the suburbs of Neapolis near the tomb of Joseph; which Abimelech overthrew, and sowed it with salt, as is written in the book of Judges (Judges 9:45).

Afterward it was restored by Jeroboam, as the history of Kings relates, and it is situated within the borders of the tribe of Ephraim. But the son of Hemor also was called Sichem, from whom the place had received its name. There was also another Sichem on Mount Ephraim, a city of fugitives. Sennaar, whence came Amraphel, who waged war against the kings of Sodom.

Sodom, a city of the impious, consumed by divine fire, near the Dead Sea.

Seboim, this too a city of the impious, dissolved into everlasting ashes, near the city once called Sodom.

Sophera, a mountain of the East in India, near which dwelt the sons of Jectan, son of Heber. Josephus relates that these came from the river Cophen and the regions of India as far as the place called the region of Hieria: and also the fleet of Solomon over three years brought back certain merchandise from there.

Soora, a city near Sodom, which is also Segor and Zoara (of which we have also spoken above).

Save, an ancient city in which the Amorites dwelt, a mighty people, above the region of Sodom, which Chodorlaomor destroyed.

Seir, a mountain in the land of Edom, in which Esau dwelt in the region of Gebalene: which received the name Seir, that is, “hairy,” from the fact that Esau was hairy and shaggy. In these places the Horite had dwelt before, whom Chodorlaomor slew. Isaiah also mentions Mount Seir in the vision of Idumea.

Salem, the city of the Sichemites, which is Sichem; but another village is shown to this very day (near Aelia, on the western side, by this name; and also at the eighth milestone from Scythopolis in the plain a village called Salumias is named): Josephus indeed affirms that Salem is the place in which Melchisedec reigned, which was afterward called Solyma, and at last received the name Jerosolyma.

Sur, where the Angel found Sarah’s handmaid Hagar, between Cades and Barad. The desert of Sur extends as far as the Red Sea, which reaches to the borders of Egypt. Cades, moreover, is a wilderness above the city of Petra: but Scripture also records that the desert of Cades extends opposite Egypt, to which the Hebrews first came after crossing the Red Sea.

Segor, which is also Bala and Zoara, one of the five cities of Sodom, spared from the burning at the prayer of Lot, which is shown even to this day. Isaiah also mentions this in the vision against Moab, of which we have spoken above.

Sene, that is, tents, the place in which Jacob dwelt on his return from Mesopotamia (which in the Hebrew tongue is called Soccoth).

Soccoth, the first camp of the children of Israel in the desert, after they had set out from Egypt, before they crossed the Red Sea.

Sin, a desert between the Red Sea and the wilderness of Sinai. For from this desert the children of Israel came to Raphidim, and from Raphidim into the desert of Sinai, near Mount Sinai, where Moses received the tablets of the Law. Scripture says that the desert of Sin is the same as Cades, but this is also according to the Hebrews. This, however, is not found in the Seventy Translators.

Selmona, a camp of the children of Israel in the desert.

Saphar, the mountain Saphar in the desert, a camp of the children of Israel.

Sattim, where the people were defiled by fornication with the daughters of Moab. It is near Mount Phogor: from there also Joshua sent spies to investigate and reconnoiter Jericho.

Sabama, a city of Moab, in the land of Galaad, which fell into the lot of the tribe of Reuben. Isaiah also mentions this in the vision against Moab.

Selcha, city of King Og, in the region of Basanitis. Senna, a border of Judea, and even to this day, at the seventh milestone from Jericho toward the northern side, a certain village called Magdalsena is shown (which is interpreted “tower of Senna”).

Sephama, a border of Judea toward the rising of the sun.

Sadada, a border of Judea.

Someron, this too Joshua took, its king being slain. They say that now, in its place, a town of Palestine is called Sebaste, where the relics of St. John the Baptist are laid. We read in the books of Kings that Zimri, king of Israel, bought the mountain of Someron from a certain Semer, and built on its summit a city, which he named Someron after the name of its owner.

Seira, this too Joshua took.

Selcha, a city in the region of Basanitis. Sior, a place opposite Egypt. But even today a village called Sior is shown between Aelia and Eleutheropolis in the tribe of Judah. (On this we have spoken more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Saorth, in the tribe of Reuben, above the Jordan. Sochoth, in the tribe of Gad, above the Jordan. Syphon, in the tribe of Gad, above the Jordan. Sacharoma, in the tribe of Judah. Samem, in the tribe of Judah. Saal, in the tribe of Judah, or Simeon. Sicelech, which Achis, king of the foreigners, gave to David to dwell in. It is in the Daroma of the lot of Judah, or of Simeon. Sansana, in the tribe of Judah. Selei, in the tribe of Judah. Saara, a village in the borders of Eleutheropolis, going northward toward Nicopolis, about the tenth milestone, in the tribe of Dan, or Judah. Soccho (in the tribe of Judah). There are, even to this day, two villages for those going to Aelia from Eleutheropolis, at the ninth milestone of the public road: one situated on a mountain, the other in a plain, which are called Sochoth. Sarain, in the tribe of Judah. Senam, in the tribe of Judah. Saphir, a village situated in the mountains between Eleutheropolis and Ascalon, in the tribe of Judah.

Soccho, of which we have also spoken above. It is said that the Samaritans, who set out from Babylon, founded this village.

Sacha, in the tribe of Judah. Selo, in the tribe of Ephraim, in which place the ark of the covenant remained, and the tabernacle of the Lord, until the times of Samuel. It is at the tenth milestone from Neapolis in the region of Acrabittena. But we also read that a son of the Patriarch Judah was called Selon. Sechem, in the tribe of Manasseh, a priestly city and a city of refuge, on Mount Ephraim, where they buried the bones of Joseph, of which we have also spoken above. Sames, that is, the spring of Sames, in the tribe of Benjamin: for which Aquila translates “the spring of the sun.” Semri, in the tribe of Benjamin. Sela, in the tribe of Benjamin. Sabee, in the tribe of Simeon. Sarith, a border of Zabulon. Sams: for which Theodotion and Symmachus translated “of the sun.” Semerom, in the tribe of Zabulon. Sunem, in the tribe of Issachar, and even to this day a village called Sulem is shown, at the fifth milestone from Mount Thabor toward the southern side.

Seon, or Soen, in the tribe of Issachar: even now a village is shown near Mount Thabor. Sasima, a border of Issachar. Sior, in the tribe of Asher. Sennanim, an oak belonging to the border of Nephtali. Sorech, in the tribe of Dan, where we read that Samson was, near Estaol (of which we have already spoken above).

Samer, in the tribe of Dan: of which I have also made mention above, under the name Bethsamis. Salabim, in the tribe of Dan, even to this day a large village called Salaba is shown in the borders of Sebaste. Sepheth, a place of the Canaanites.

Sirotha, to which the judge Ehud fled. We have also spoken above about Seira. Sur Choreb, which is interpreted “rock of Choreb.” Selmon, a mountain which Abimelech ascended when fighting against Sicima. Sephina: for which Aquila and Symmachus translate “the north.” Sorech, the name of a torrent, from which place came Delilah, that woman of Samson: but even to this day, toward the northern side of Eleutheropolis, a village called Capharsorech is shown, near the village Saar, from which Samson also came.

Sophim, a mountain of Ephraim on Mount Armathem. Salisa, through which Saul passed. Senna, the name of a rock. Salim, a village through which Saul passed, in the borders of Eleutheropolis toward the West, seven miles distant from it. Sim, where Samuel found Saul. Sabim, where Saul fought. Sonam, whence came that Shunammite woman. There is even to this day a village in the borders of Sebaste, in the region of Acrabittena, called Sanim. Sophamoth, to which place David sent. Seira, the name of a well, from which Joab caused the captain of the army Abner to be turned back. Suba, whose king David struck down. Sarthan, which is at the foot of Jezrael. Sophera, which is also Sophir, whence the ships of Solomon came: of which we have also spoken above. It is a mountain of the East belonging to the region of India. Serora, a city on the way to those going to Edom. Saba, a royal city of Ethiopia, which Josephus relates was named Meroe by King Cambyses, after his sister’s name.

Sela, where Joash was struck down. Saffarvaim, from which places the Assyrians, migrating, dwelt in Samaria: and from them the race of the Samaritans took its beginning. Isaiah also mentions these. Sademoth, where King Josiah burned the images of idols. Saresta, a town of the Sidonians situated on the public road: where Elijah once dwelt. Saron, of which Isaiah also makes mention, saying, “Saron is turned into marshes” (Isaiah 33:9). Even to the present day, the region between Mount Thabor and the lake of Tiberias is called Saronas. But also from Caesarea of Palestine as far as the town of Joppa, all the land that is seen is called Saronas.

Sephela, as Isaiah writes: for which Aquila translates “level plain,” Symmachus interprets “valley.” Even to this day, all the region near Eleutheropolis, level and flat, which stretches toward the North and West, is called Sephela.

Sennaar: for which Aquila has “Senna”; Symmachus interprets “fruitful.” The prophet Micah also mentions this. Sedrach, the land of Damascus: we read in Zechariah.

Sion, the mountain of the city of Jerusalem.

Samaria, a royal city in Israel, which is now called Sebaste. But also the whole region which was around it had once taken its name from the city.

Sor, Tyre, the metropolis of Phoenicia, in the tribe of Nephtali.

Soene, a city of the Thebaid, as Ezekiel writes.

Sais, a city of Egypt, which Ezekiel mentions: from which also the district of Saitis is named.

Sadale, a border of Judea, as Ezekiel also writes.

Sabarim, between Damascus and Amath, as Ezekiel writes.

Salisa, for which Aquila translates “three-yearly.” Jeremiah mentions this. Sichar, before Neapolis, near the field which Jacob gave to his son Joseph, where our Lord and Savior, according to the Gospel of John, speaks to the Samaritan woman at the well, where a church has now been built.

Tigris, a river going out from paradise, according to the faith of Scripture, and running toward the Assyrians: and after many windings, as Josephus holds, flowing into the Red Sea. It is called by this name on account of its swiftness, after the manner of a beast running with exceeding speed.

Terebinth, at Sichem, under which Jacob hid the idols, near Neapolis.

Tina, in the tribe of Judah. Talem, in the tribe of Judah. Tesan, in the tribe of Judah. Tyre, in the tribe of Naphtali.

Tabath, where war was waged against Midian. Tob, a land in which Jephthah dwelt. Topheth, in the valley of the sons of Hinnom, where the people of Israel worship the idols of the nations. It is a place in the suburbs of Jerusalem.

Tanis, a city of Egypt, as Isaiah and Ezekiel write.

Taphnas, a city of Egypt. Read Hosea, Ezekiel and Jeremiah. In this city dwelt the Jews who, for fear of the Babylonians, fled with Jeremiah.

The region of Trachonitis, or Ituraea, whose tetrarch was Philip, according to the Gospel of Luke. We have spoken of this above as well. It lies beyond Bostra, a city of Arabia, in the desert, opposite the southern quarter, as though looking toward Damascus.

Theman, a region of the princes of Edom in the land of Gebal, named after Theman, son of Eliphaz, son of Esau. But even to this day there is a village named Theman, five miles distant from the city of Petra, where a garrison of Roman soldiers also is stationed, from which place came Eliphaz, king of the Themanites. One of the sons of Ishmael also was called Theman. It should be known, moreover, that every southern region is called Theman in Hebrew.

Thamna, where Judah sheared his sheep: even today a very large village is shown in the borders of Diospolis, as one goes to Aelia, in the tribe of Dan, or of Judah.

Thamna, another city of the princes of Edom; but also the concubine of Eliphaz son of Esau was called Thamna, who bore him Amalek, whence the Amalekites.

Thaphol, a place in the desert beyond the Jordan, where Moses writes Deuteronomy, opposite Jericho.

Thaath, a camp of the children of Israel. Thara, a camp of the children of Israel.

Thaffu, a city in the tribe of Judah, which Joshua took by storm, its king being slain. We have also spoken above of the boundary between Palestine and Egypt which is called Bethtaphu.

Thaanach, a city which Joshua took by storm, its king being slain. It was in the tribe of Manasseh, set apart for the Levites, and now at the fourth milestone from the town of Legio a village of this name is shown.

Thenath, in the tribe of Joseph: even today there is a village Thena at the tenth milestone from Neapolis toward the East, as one goes down to the Jordan. Thaffue, in the tribe of Joseph. Thaphuth, in the tribe of Manasseh. Theco, even to this day a village is shown near the desert of the city of Aelia, whence also the prophet Amos came. Thesram, this too Joshua took together with its king.

Therama, in the tribe of Benjamin. Tholad, in the tribe of Judah, or of Simeon. Thabor, the boundary of Zebulun. It is a mountain in the middle of the plain of Galilee (lofty, of wondrous roundness), ten miles distant from Diocaesarea, toward the eastern quarter: it was also a boundary between the tribe of Issachar and Naphtali. Thalcha, in the tribe of Simeon: now a great village of the Jews is called Thella, situated about the sixteenth milestone from Eleutheropolis toward the southern quarter. Thamnathsara, the city of Joshua son of Nun, situated on a mountain; of which we have also spoken above under the name Thamna: in which, to the present day, his tomb is shown, in the tribe of Dan.

Thaanach, a city near which Deborah fought against Sisera, in the tribe of Manasseh, set apart for the Levites, which they could not hold, since the former inhabitants were by no means driven out. It is now a very large village, three miles distant from Legio. Thebes, a city which, when Abimelech was besieging it, he perished, struck by a fragment of a millstone. Even to this day there is a village named Thebes, in the borders of Neapolis, as one goes to Scythopolis, about at its thirteenth milestone. Thamnatha: we have also placed Thamna above, in the tribe of Judah.

Thelamuge, the place to which Abner sent to David. But it should be known that for this word Aquila translates, forthwith; Symmachus, for himself. Thaad, near Gilead. Thamsa, a boundary of the kingdom of Solomon. Thermoth, a city which Solomon built in the desert (of which we have made mention in the books of Hebrew Questions). Tharsis, whence gold was brought to Solomon: Josephus thinks this to be Tarsus, a city of Cilicia. But according to the prophet Ezekiel, Carthage is understood. For indeed in that place where in the Seventy Interpreters we read Carthage, the Hebrew has written Tharsis. Some have thought it India (and of this both in the Book of Letters, which we wrote to Marcella, and in the books of Hebrew Questions, it has been said more fully).

Thersa, where Asa king of Israel was. Thersila, whence Manaen came: even to this day there is a small village of the Samaritans in the region of Batanaea, which is called Thersila. Therba, whence the prophet Elijah, the Thesbite, arose. Theman, according to Ezekiel, a city of Idumaea. But Isaiah in his vision places it in Arabia. Jeremiah also mentions it. Obadiah, however, writes of it as a city of Esau. But also one of his sons was called Theman, as we said above. Tharac, which the Hivites founded in the land of Judaea. Thalassar, a region of Syria. Thogarma, we read in Ezekiel. Taphet, we read in Jeremiah, the altar of Taphet. It is a place in the suburbs of Aelia to this day, which is so called, near the Pool of the Fuller, and the field of Akeldama.

Ur of the Chaldees, where Aram, brother of Abraham, died: whose tomb, as Josephus relates, is shown even to this day. (And on this matter what seems to us we have said more fully in the books of Hebrew Questions.) Ulammaus, for which the Hebrew has written Luza. This is the same as Bethel, as we said above. But also a certain village named Ulamma is shown at the twelfth milestone of Diocaesarea, toward the rising of the sun. Us, whence Job came, from the land of Ausitis; but also one of the descendants of Esau was called Us. (Of whom we have spoken in the books of Hebrew Questions.)

Xil, in the tribe of Judah.

Zaphoim, a region of the princes of Edom, in the land which is now called Gebalena.

Zoob, a city of the Amorites situated on the Arnon: of which it is written. Wherefore it is said in the Book of the Wars of the Lord: Zoob he set aflame, and the torrents of Arnon. Zephrona, a boundary of Judaea to the north. Zared, the valley of Zared in a part of the desert.

Zeph, in the tribe of Judah. Zannohua, in the tribe of Judah, even to this day in the borders of Eleutheropolis as one goes to Aelia, a village called Zanua. Zib, at the eighth milestone from Hebron toward the East, to the present a village is shown, where David hid himself. It belonged to the tribe of Judah in the Daroma, in the borders of Eleutheropolis.

Ziph, a squalid, or misty, or cloudy mountain, near Ziph, in which David dwelt near Carmel, which in the holy Scriptures is called Carmelus, today a village of the Jews, whence came Nabal the Carmelite. But also one of the descendants of Caleb was called Ziph. Read Chronicles. Zogora, in Jeremiah a city of the Moabites: this is that which is now called Zoara, or Segor, one of the five cities of Sodom. Zeb, a city of Ammon, even today the village Zia is shown at the fifteenth milestone from Philadelphia, toward the West, of which Jeremiah writes. Zoeleth, the name of a stone, where Adonijah sacrificed victims near the fountain of Rogel.

Adadremmon is a city near Jezreel, which was once called by this name, and today is called Maximianopolis, in the plain of Megiddo, where King Josiah was wounded by Pharaoh, surnamed Necho, as Zechariah writes.

Ahila. The Red Sea, on whose shore Ahila is situated, where a legion and a garrison of the Romans now remain, as Ezekiel writes.

Anathoth is a village three miles from the city, opposite Jerusalem to the north, as Jeremiah writes.

Apedno. He shall pitch his tent at Apedno, near Nicopolis, which was formerly called Emmaus, where the hill country of Judea begins to rise, as Daniel writes.

Arabia. The king of Babylon... sets out by one road of the Chaldeans; but when he comes through the desert and the wilderness to the fork of the land of Arabia which belongs to the sons of Ammon, one road of which leads to Jerusalem on the right hand, and the left to Rabbath of the sons of Ammon, which is the chief city and today is called Philadelphia, and so forth, as Ezekiel writes.

Ar is the chief city of the region of Moab, a province of the Arabians. Today, its name compounded from the Hebrew and Greek tongues, it is called Areopolis — not, as many suppose, because it is the city of Ares, that is, of Mars, as Isaiah writes.

Arnon is the boundary between the Amorites and the Moabites, as Isaiah writes in the same place.

Azotus. By the 'farthest sea' understand that which lies to the west and leads into Egypt, on whose shore Gaza, Ascalon, Azotus, Joppa, Caesarea, and the other coastal cities are situated, as Joel writes.

Bersabee. Beersheba too is, even to this day, a town in that province which, not long ago, by the division of the governors of Palestine, was called Salutaris, as Jerome writes in the Questions on Genesis.

Beth-aven, formerly called Bethel, is a city in the tribe of Ephraim, beyond Benjamin; for where the tribe of Benjamin ends, not far off, in the tribe of Ephraim, this city was built, as Hosea writes.

Bethulia. With a boundless throng of followers he came to Bethulia... on the fifth day he came to Pelusium, as is told in the Life of Saint Hilarion.

Kadesh-barnea lies in the desert that stretches to the city of Petra, as Ezekiel writes.

Carmel. There are two mountains bearing this name: the one, toward the southern region, where Nabal the Carmelite, husband of Abigail, dwelt; the other, near Ptolemais, on the border of Phoenicia, which was formerly called Acco, overlooking the sea, where the prophet Elijah, bending his knees, obtained rain, as Amos writes.

Carmel. If they hide themselves on the summit of Carmel, or near the border of Phoenicia, in the northern region toward the south, because of the vastness of the wilderness, where once dwelt Nabal the Carmelite, as Amos writes.

Mount Carmel lies on the border of Palestine and Phoenicia, overlooking Ptolemais, though in the holy Scriptures another mountain also is called Carmel, where Nabal the Carmelite dwelt, as Isaiah writes.

Cedar, once uninhabited, is a region beyond Arabia, belonging to the Saracens, as Isaiah writes.

Dan lies on the border of the land of Judea, where Paneas now stands, as Amos writes.

Dan. The seventh portion runs from Dan to Joppa, where stand the towers of Ailon and Selebi, and Emmaus, now called Nicopolis; though we read afterward that, passing beyond the other tribes, they took for themselves the city of Leshem in the tribe of Dan, which today is called Paneas, as Ezekiel writes.

Dimon and Dibon. Let no one think this a scribal error, and, wishing to correct it, create one instead; for one and the same city is written both with an m and with a b. Of these names, Dimon is interpreted 'silence,' Dibon 'flowing' — each name given for the waters that flow there silently. Even to this day this little town is called, without distinction, both Dimon and Dibon, as Isaiah writes.

Duma is a region of Idumea, lying toward the south, twenty miles from the city of Palestine now called Eleutheropolis, as Isaiah writes.

Edomia. One and the same man, then, is called by three names — Esau, Edom, Seir — and he possessed the region now called Gebalene, within the borders of Eleutheropolis, where formerly the Horites dwelt, whose name is interpreted 'free men,' from which that city afterward took its name. What in Hebrew is called Edom, and in Greek Idumaea, is now a village of Palestine, so named after its founder, as Obadiah writes.

Emath the Less, to distinguish it from Emath the Great, now called Antioch, is a city on the borders of the Holy Land, facing the sunrise. It was afterward named Epiphania, after Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, as Amos writes.

Emmaus lies near Nicopolis, which was formerly called Emmaus, where the hill country of Judea begins to rise, as Daniel writes.

Emmaus signifies the age of Judas Maccabeus, who, with his brothers and kinsmen striving alongside him out of the village of Modin, and many of the people of the Jews, overcame the generals of Antiochus near Emmaus, now called Nicopolis, as Daniel writes.

Engallim lies at the point where the Dead Sea begins, where the Jordan enters it; Engaddi, however, is where it ends and is spent, as Ezekiel writes.

Heshbon. Between Heshbon and Sibmah there is scarcely five hundred paces, as Isaiah writes.

Gibeah is a city in the tribe of Benjamin, near Ramah, as Hosea writes.

Gilead, which the half-tribe of Manasseh possessed beyond the Jordan, Scripture records. On this mountain Laban overtook Jacob as he fled, and, according to Genesis, the mountain received the name Sorus, that is, 'heap of witness,' because there Jacob and Laban swore over a heap of gathered stones. It is, moreover, the head, or beginning, of Lebanon, a lofty mountain wholly planted with cedars, as Jerome writes on the twenty-second chapter of Jeremiah.

Gennesaret is a lake formed by the inflow of the Jordan, on whose shore Capernaum, Tiberias, Bethsaida, and Chorazin are situated, as Isaiah writes.

Gerar. It should be noted that from Gerar to Mount Moriah is a journey of three days, as Jerome writes in the Questions on Genesis.

Gath (as the history of the Kings also attests) is one of the five cities of Palestine, bordering on Judea, between Eleutheropolis and Gaza for those going that way — now scarcely more than a very large village. From it came the Goliath the Gittite whom David slew in battle. In the commentary on the first chapter of Micah, Jerome there calls this city the chief city of Palestine.

Gath, which is in Opher, is no great village, at the second milestone from Sepphoris, which today, for those going to Tiberias, is called Diocaesarea; 'Opher' is added to distinguish it from the other cities called Gath, as Jerome writes in the preface to Jonah.

Gath borders on and adjoins Azotus, which in Hebrew is called Ashdod, as Jeremiah writes.

Elkosh is, even to this day, a village in Galilee — small indeed, and scarcely showing any trace amid the ruins of ancient buildings, yet known to the Jews, and shown to me as well by my guide, as Jerome writes in the preface to Nahum.

Jahaz is a city overlooking the Dead Sea, where the boundary of the province of the Moabites lies, as Isaiah writes.

Idumaea. The Idumeans, too, scarcely seventy-five miles from Jerusalem, toward the southern quarter, as Jerome writes in the letter to Dardanus.

Idumaea. The whole southern region of the Idumeans, from Eleutheropolis to Petra and Abila (for this is the possession of Esau), has its dwellings in caves, as Obadiah writes.

No one is unaware that Jerusalem lies in the tribe of Benjamin.

Tekoa likewise, we see with our own eyes every day, is a village situated on a mountain, twelve miles from Jerusalem, as Jeremiah writes.

Jezreel, now near Maximianopolis, was the chief city of the kingdom of Samaria. Near it lie very broad plains, and a valley of exceeding vastness, stretching more than ten miles. Here, battle being joined, Israel was slain by the Assyrians, as Hosea writes.

Joppa. We read in the books of Kings and of Chronicles that Joppa was a harbor of Judea, to which Hiram too, king of Tyre, used to convey timber from Lebanon by raft, so that it might be carried overland to Jerusalem... but also, in keeping with the nature of the region, the prophet, coming from the hill country and its steep places down to Joppa and the plain, is rightly said to have gone down, as Jonah writes.

Midian. There is no doubt that the Midianites, and the whole vastness of the wilderness, lie adjacent to the land of Arabia, as Ezekiel writes.

Mamre. From Mamre to Mount Moriah is scarcely a full day's journey, as Jerome writes in the Questions on Genesis.

Moresheth is, even to this day, no great village, near the city of Palestine called Eleutheropolis, as Jerome writes in the preface to his commentary on Micah.

Nimrim is a town above the Dead Sea, as Isaiah writes.

Petra, which is itself also a city of Palestine, as Isaiah writes.

Paran is a place near Mount Sinai, as Habakkuk writes.

Rabbath. This chief city, called Rabbath, is today, since king Ptolemy of Egypt, surnamed Philadelphus, who held Arabia together with Judea, named Philadelphia, as Ezekiel writes.

Ramah is a city in the tribe of Benjamin, at the seventh milestone from Jerusalem, as Hosea writes.

Ramoth-gilead is a city beyond the Jordan, in the possession of the tribe of Gad. It was itself a city of refuge for those who fled there.

Rhinocorura is a town on the border of Egypt and Palestine, as Isaiah writes.

Rhinocorura, a city by the torrent of the desert, or of the west, as the Seventy translated it; between it and Pelusium a stream of the Nile, or a torrent coming out of the wilderness, enters the sea, as Amos writes.

Samaria was another city, the chief city of the ten tribes, which was afterward named Augusta by Augustus Caesar, that is, Sebaste; in which also the bones of John the Baptist were laid, as Hosea writes.

The whole region near Joppa and Lydda is called Sharon, in which very broad and fertile plains extend, as Isaiah writes.

Segor lies on the borders of the Moabites, dividing their land from that of the Philistines.

Succoth is, even to this day, a city beyond the Jordan bearing this name, in the district of Scythopolis, as is written in Genesis 33:17.

The wilderness turns to the left toward Egypt, for those traveling along the coast from Maiuma, the port of Gaza, as is told in the Life of Saint Hilarion.

Hilarion was born in the village of Thabatha, about five miles south of the city of Gaza in Palestine, as is told in the same Life.

Tabor is a mountain in Galilee, standing in the plain, round and lofty, and level on every side, as Hosea writes.

Tarshish is, according to Josephus, either the region of India, or else the whole sea is called Tarshish, having a likeness to the sky, as Jeremiah writes.

Tekoa is a town six miles south of holy Bethlehem, which bore the Savior of the world; and beyond it there is no village, not even the huts of countryfolk. So great is the vastness of the wilderness that it stretches all the way to the Red Sea, and to the borders of the Persians, the Ethiopians, and the Indians, as Jerome writes in the preface to his commentary on Amos.

We see with our own eyes every day that Tekoa is a village situated on a mountain, twelve miles from Jerusalem, as Jeremiah writes.

Theman is a region of the Idumeans, lying toward the southern quarter; and that province is called not only Theman, but also Daron and Nageb, because it faces the east, the south, and the southwest, as Jerome writes in the same place.

Thophet. The altar of Thophet, in the valley of the son of Hinnom, marks that place watered by the springs of Siloam; a most pleasant and wooded spot, still today affording the delights of gardens. But this error of the heathen took hold of every province, so that at the springheads and in the most pleasant groves they would offer victims, keeping every rite of depraved superstition. Thophet in the Hebrew tongue is interpreted 'breadth.' And it is recorded in the book of Joshua the son of Nun that this place, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, is in Hebrew called Ge-Hinnom — for Ge means φάραγξ, that is, a valley, and Hinnom sounds either as a man's name or as 'grace.' The Hebrews relate that Gehenna took its name from this place, because there, it is said, the whole people of the Jews perished, having offended God; for in this place also they consecrated their sons to idols in fire, or offered them as a burnt offering, a thing he had not commanded them, nor had any provision of the Law enjoined, as Jeremiah writes.

Tyre and Sidon are the chief cities on the coast of Phoenicia... of which Carthage was a colony, as Jeremiah writes.

The Valley, or Torrent of the Thorns, is a place near Livias, beyond the Dead Sea, six miles distant from it, where Israel once played the harlot with the Midianites, as Joel writes.