A Chronicle Written under Alexander Severus

Since it is necessary to be instructed in truth, I have deemed it needful, dearest brethren, to make this brief discourse from the holy Scriptures for the strengthening of doctrine, so that through a few expositions, the powers of truth sought out not without cause, we may more quickly come to know them, first cutting away the ignorant contention that has been bred which overshadows the senses, that it may instruct one who is ignorant in such matters. But desiring with the greatest diligence to foresee according to truth, we come to know the division of the Nations, and the numbered generation of the forefathers. Also the times of the inhabitants, the engagements of wars, and the times of the Judges, the dispensations, and the years of the Kings, and the times of the Prophets—who they were and from which kings they were born, and what manner of captivities of the people befell under which kings and under which judges; and what priests there were in those times, and what destruction was wrought.

And how the generation of the seed of Israel, from the patriarchs, was completed in Christ, and how many and how great periods of years are reckoned from creation down to this present day. We have decided, beginning from Genesis according to the presentation of the words, as is fitting, to set forth these things. Not from any part of our own, but to bear witness from the holy Scriptures themselves. Taking occasion from this point, therefore, we make our discourse from Genesis in order.

On the day that God made Adam, he made him in the image of God. And Adam lived 230 years and begat Seth. And Seth lived 205 years and begat Enos. And Enos lived 161 years and begat Cainan. And Cainan lived 170 years and begat Malaleel. Malaleel lived 165 years and begat Jared. And Jared lived 162 years and begat Enoch. And Enoch lived 165 years and begat Mathusalam. And Mathusalam lived 167 years and begat Lamech. And Lamech lived 188 years and begat Noah. And Noah was 500 years old, and begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. After 100 years, after Shem was born, the flood came, when Noah was 600 years old. From Adam therefore to the Flood there are 11 generations, 2,242 years. These are the generations of Shem. Shem, when he was 100 years old, begat Arphaxad in the second year after the Flood. And Arphaxad lived 135 years and begat Cainan. And Cainan lived 130 years and begat Salah. And Salah lived 130 years and begat Heber.

And Heber lived 134 years and begat Phaleg. Down to this point there are 5 generations, 529 years; but from Adam there are 15 generations, 2,771 years.

After the flood, the three tribes of the three brothers Shem, Ham, and Japheth were divided. And to Shem the firstborn, from Persia and Bactria as far as distant India and as far as Rhinocorura, And to Ham the second, from Rhinocorura as far as Gadira.

And to Japheth the third, from Media as far as Gadira toward Buroe. Now Japheth has the river Tigris, which divides Media and Babylonia; Shem has the Euphrates, and Ham the Geon, which is called the Nile. The languages were confounded after the flood. Now the languages that were confounded were 72, and the nations that were building the Tower were 72, which were also divided according to their languages over the face of all the earth. Nimrod the giant, son of Cush, an Ethiopian, supplied beasts by hunting as food for those suffering from hunger. Now these are the 72 names.

The sons of Japheth. Gomer, from whom the Cappadocians. Magog, from whom the Celts and Galatians. Madai, from whom the Medes. Javan, from whom the Greeks and Ionians. Tubal, whence also the Thalians. Mosoch, whence the Illyrians. Thiras, whence the Thracians. Cethyn, whence the Macedonians. And the sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, from whom the Sarmatians. Riphath, from whom the Sauromatians. Togarmah, from whom the Armenians. And the sons of Javan: Elishah, whence the Sicilians. Tarshish, from whom the Iberians, who are also the Tyrrhenians. Cithu, from whom the Romans, who are also the Latins, [lacuna]: all fifteen. From these arose the islands of the nations; and the Cypriots are from the Citians. From Japheth indeed we find both those who are toward the North from that tribe of the Citians. There are also from them the nations that are in Hellas, apart from those who came there afterward: the Kings who inhabited the city honored among the Greeks, Athens and that of the Thebans: for the inhabitants are of the Sidonians: and all others likewise who afterward migrated to Hellas.

We know these things from the law and the prophets. Concerning Japheth then, at the confusion of the Tower, there are three. And these nations of Japheth, from Media as far as the western ocean, spread out, extending as far as the North. These are: Albanians, Garganians, Arrei, Armenians, Amazons, Chorziani, Benageni, Cappadocians, Paphlagonians, Madeni, Tibarenians, Chalybes, Mossynoeci, Melanoceni, Sarmatians, Sauromatians, Maeotians, Tauri, Thracians, Bastarnae, Illyrians, Macedono-Hellenes, Greeks, Libyans, Istrians, Vieni, Daunians, Cas, Calabrians, Piceni, Latins who are also Romans, Spaniards, Gauls who are also Celts, Libyestini, Celtiberians, Gauls, Aquitanians, Illyrians, Basanotes, Cyrtasitani, Vaccaei, Cunienses, Britons who also dwell on the island. Those among them who have knowledge of letters are these: the Latins who are called Romans, the Spaniards, the Greeks, the Syrians. Their boundaries are toward the North as far as Gadira. By the river Potameda as far as Mastusiadilion.

Now their regions are these: Media, Albania, Amazonia, Lesser Armenia, Greater Armenia, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Galatia, the Hill of India, Bosphorus-of-the-middle-sea, Sarmatia, Tauriana, Scythiae, Bas-Thracia, Macedonia, soft Dalmatia, Thessalooria, Boeotia, Aetolia, Attica, Achaia, Peloponnesae which is called Peloponnesus, Arcanea, Epillyria, Aodimus, Hadriace from which the sea Ha-um, Galatia, Lusitania, Italy, Tuscany, Spain, Celtica, Gaul, Hispania, Gauls, Greater Hibero-Spain. There the land of Japheth ends, as far as all the British islands looking toward the North. There are also these islands belonging to them: the British Isles, Sicily, Euboea, Rhodes, Chios, Lesbos, Cythera, Ja-Cephallenia, Ithaca, Corcyra, and the Cyclades, and a certain part of Asia which is called Ionia. The boundary between them is the Tigris dividing between the Medes and Babylonia. These are the borders of Japheth.

The sons of Ham: Cush, from whom the Ethiopians. Mizraim, from whom the Egyptians. Phut, from whom the Troglodytes. Canaan, from whom the Africans and Phoenicians. The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabath, Raamah, and Sabtecha. And the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan. Cush begat Nimrod. The peoples of the Egyptians, together with Mizraim their father, are twelve. For it says: And Mizraim begat Ludim, whence the Lydians; Anemim, from whom the Pamphylians; Lehabim, from whom the Laboez; Naphtuhim and Pathrusim, whence the Cretans; Casluhim, whence the Lycians, from whom the Philistines went out; and Caphtorim, whence the Cilicians. The peoples of the Canaanites are twelve together with their father. For it says: And Canaan begat Sidon his firstborn, from whom the Sidonians, and the Hittite, and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgashite, and the Arkite, and the Hivite, from whom the Tripolitans, and the Sinite, and the Arvadite, whence the Aradians, and the Zemarite, and the Hamathite, whence the Hamathusians. Their habitation is from Rhinocorura as far as Gadira.

From these arise kings or nations: Ethiopians, Troglodytes, Aggaei, Isabini, Ichthyophagi, Velanians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Libyans, Marmaridae, Charisilitae, Mysians, Mossynoeci, Phrygians, Magonians, Bithynians, Nomads, Lycinii, Mariandeni, Pamphylians, Minisoi, Dipisideni, Lygallii, Cilicians, Maurusians, Cretans, Magartae, Numidians, Macrones, Nasamones. These possess from Egypt as far as the Ocean. The islands common to these are: Corsola, Lupadus, Agaudius, Melitae, Cercenna, Menis, Sardinia, Galata, Corsuna, Crete, Gaudos, Rheda, Ethera, Careatus, Astypalaea, Chios, Lesbos, Tenedos, Imbros, Jassus, Cobus, Cnidos, Nisyros, Megiste, Cyprus. Those among them who are literate are: Phoenicians, Egyptians, Pamobylians, Phrygians. The borders of Ham are from Rhinocorura, which divides Syria and Egypt, as far as Garira in length.

The names of the nations are these: Egypt and Ethiopia which extends toward India, and the other Ethiopia, from which the river of the Ethiopians flows, Erythrea, which is the Red Sea looking toward the East: Theban Libya, which extends as far as the Syrtes, having these nations: Nasamones, Macae, Tautamei: Libya which extends from Leptis as far as the lesser Syrtis: Numidia, Masseria, Mauritania which extends as far as the Herculean columns, that is the Heraclean pillars opposite Gadira. It has toward the North on the sea coast: Cilicia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Mysia, Lycaonia, Phrygia, Camailia, Lycia, Caria, Lydia, another Mysia, the Troad, Aeolis, ancient Bithynia, upper Phrygia. It also has these islands: Sardinia, Crete, Cyprus, and the river Geon which is called the Nile. It divides between Ham and Japheth, and the mouth of the western sea. This is the middle generation of Ham.

Concerning Shem, the elder son of Noah, 25 tribes are known; they inhabited toward the East. The sons of Shem. Elam, from whom the Elymaeans and Assyrians: And Arphaxad, whence the Chaldaeans and Lud, whence the Lazonoi: And Aram, whence the Ethei: Abraham drove out these earlier ones: and the sons of Aram: Uz, from whom the Lydians: and Gether, from whom the Gaspheni; and Mosoch, whence the Mossyni: And Arphaxad begat Salah, and Salah begat Heber, whence the Hebrews: and to Heber were born two sons, Peleg and Deboo, from whom the lineage of Abraham is drawn; and Joktan. And Joktan begat Almodad, from whom the Indians; and Sheleph, from whom the Bactrians; and Hazarmaveth, from whom the earlier Arabs; and Duran, from whom the Ariani; and Diklah, from whom the Cedrusians; and Gebal, from whom the earlier Scythians; and Abimael, from whom the Hyrcanians; and Sheba, whence the first Arabs: and Ophir, from whom the Armenians, and Havilah, whence the Gymnosophists. All these are Bactrians. All from the three sons of Noah are 72.

The habitation of all the sons of Shem is from Bactria as far as Rhinocorura, which divides Syria and Egypt, and the Red Sea from the mouth of Arsinoe, which is of India. These are the nations that were made from them: Hebrews who are Jews, Persians, Medes, Poeni, Ariani, Hyrcanians, Assyrians, Indians, Macardi, Parthians, German Holymei, Cersei, first Arabs, Cedrusians, Scythians, further Arabs, the Wise Men who are called Gymnosophists, naked wise men. Their habitation extends as far as Rhinocorura and Cilicia. Those among them who have knowledge of letters are: Jews, Persians, Medes, Chaldaeans, Indians, Assyrians. The habitation of them, that is of the sons of Shem, is in length from India as far as Rhinocorura: and in breadth from Persia and Bactria as far as India. The names of the nations are these: Persia, Bactria, Hyrcania, Babylonia, Corbulia, Assyria, Mesopotamia, ancient Arabia, Alimales, India, Arabia Felix, Coele-Syria, Commagene, and Phoenicia, which belongs to the sons of Shem.

The nations that have their own languages are these: Hebrews who are also Jews, Assyrians, Chaldaeans, Persians, Medes, Arabs, Midianites, Adiobenici, Tulenians, Alamosenians, Saracens, Magi, Caspians, Albanian Indians, Ethiopians, Egyptians, Libyans, Hittites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, Girgashites, Jebusites, Idumaeans, Samaritans, Phoenicians, Syrians, Cilicians, Tarsians, Cappadocians, Armenians, Iberians, Albanians, Scythians, Colchians, Sanni, Bosporanians, Asians, Isaurians, Lycaonians, Pisidians, Galatians, Paphlagonians, Phrygians, Achaeans, Thessalians, Macedonians, Thracians, Mysians, Bessi, Dardanians, Sarmatians, Germans, Pannonians, Paeonians, Norici, Dalmatians, Romans who are also Latins, Ligurians, Gauls who are also Celts, Aquitanians, Britons, Spaniards who are also Tyrrhenians, Moors, Bacenates, and Massennians, Gaetulians, Africans who are also Barbarians, Maziceans, Garamantes who are also Marmaridae, who extend as far as Ethiopia.

I have thought it necessary also to set forth the dwelling-places of the Nations and their names. I shall begin from the East: the inhabitants of the Persians and Medes are the Parthians and neighbouring peoples of peace as far as Coele Syria. The inhabitants of the Arabs are the Fortunate Arabs: for that is the name by which they are called. The inhabitants of the Chaldaeans are the Mesopotamians. The inhabitants of the Madianites are the Cynedocolpitae and Trigolodytae and Ichthyophagi. The peoples and names of the Greeks are five: Ionians, Arcadians, Boeotians, Aeolians, Laconians. Their inhabitants were the Pontics, Bithynians, Trojans, Asians, Carians, Legii, Pamylians, Cyreneans, and many Islands, that is the Cyclades, ten in number, which contain the Myrtoan Sea. These are their names: Andros, Tenos, Naxos, Ceos, Gyaros, Delos, Phnos, Rhenea, Cyrnos, Marathon. There are also other larger Islands, twelve in number, which also have very many cities, which are called the Sporades, in which Greeks dwelt. These are their names: Euboea, Crete, Sicily, Cyprus, Cos, Samos, Rhodes, Chios, Thapsus, Lemnos, Lesbos, Samothrace.

Now Euboea is from Boeotia: just as from Ion the Ionian cities are sixteen, these: Clazomenae, Mytilene, Phocaea, Priene, Erythrae, Samos, Teos, Colophon, Cius, Ephesus, Smyrna, Perinthus, Byzantium, Chalcedon, Pontus, and Amisos the free. The peoples and dwelling-places of the Romans, who are also called Citians, are these: Tuscans, Aemilians, Picentines, Campanians, Apulians, Lucanians. The peoples and dwelling-places of the Africans are these: Leptitanians, Cintians, Numidians, Nasamones, Sacians. The islands which have cities are these: Sardinia, Corsica, Girda which is also called Benigga, Cercyna, Galata. The peoples and dwelling-places of the Moors are these: Musulamii, Tingitanians, Caesarienses. The peoples and dwelling-places of the Spaniards are these: the Tyranni and the Turrenians, who are also called Tarraconenses, Lusitanians, Baeticans, Autryconians, Vascones, Callaeci who are also the Asturians. The islands which belong to Hispania Tarraconensis are three, which are called the Baleares. They have five cities, these: Ebusus, Palma, Pollentia, which is called Majorica, Tomaene, Mago, which is called Minorica.

The inhabitants of these were Canaanites fleeing from the face of Jesus son of Nave: for also those who founded Sidon were themselves Canaanites. Gades moreover the Jebusites founded, themselves likewise as fugitives. The peoples and dwelling-places of the Narbonensian Gauls: Amaxobii in Greek, Sarmatians. And this too it was necessary to make clear to you, lest you be ignorant of the names of unknown peoples, and the peoples, and obscure rivers.

I shall therefore begin to speak of the peoples from the East. The Adiabenians and Talenians opposite Arabia, the Saracens, other Saracens the Atallenians opposite Arabia, the Albanians opposite the Caspian Gates, the greater Madianites, whom Moses defeated, between Mesopotamia and the Red Sea: the lesser Madian however is opposite the Red Sea near Egypt, where Raguel the father-in-law of Moses, who is also called Jethro, reigned. Opposite the Cappadocians on the right side are the Armenians, Iberians, Birranians, Scythians, Colchians, Bosporanians, Sani who are called Sannices, extending as far as Pontus; where there is Accessus, Absarus, and Sebastopolis, Usilimen which is a harbour, and the river Pasius; these peoples extend as far as Trapezus. The mountains that are named are twelve: Caucasus, Taurus, Atlas, Parnassus, Cithaeron, Helicon, Parthenius, Nysa, Lucabantus, Peneus, Olympus, Libanus.

The great and named rivers are forty-one: Indus which is also Phison, Nile which is also Geon, Tigris, Euphrates, Jordan, Cephisus, Tanais, Menus, Erymanthus, Halys, Asopus, Thermodon, Erasinus, Cius, Borysthenes, Alpheus, Taurus, Eurotas, Maeander, Hermus, Axius, Pyramus, Bajus, Hebron, Sangarius, Achelous, Peneus, Ebenus, Sperchius, Cayster, Simois, Scamander, Strymon, Parthenius, Ister, Illarius who is also the Danube, Rhine, Rhône, Baetis, Eridanus, Thember which is now called Tiber. Therefore the age has been divided into three parts among the three sons of Noah. And indeed Shem the firstborn received the East; Ham the Mediterranean; Japheth the West. And having set forth the peoples, from whom each was created, we shall of necessity proceed to the years.

Phalec at one hundred and thirty years begat Ragau. Ragau at one hundred and thirty-two years begat Serug. Serug at one hundred and thirty years begat Nahor. Nahor at seventy-nine years begat Terah. Terah at seventy years begat Abraham. Abraham moreover was seventy-five years old at the time when God said to him that he should go out from his land and from the house of his father and come into the land of Canaan. Therefore from the division until Abraham came into the land of Canaan there are five generations, six hundred and sixteen years: from Adam moreover twenty generations, three thousand three hundred and eighty-seven years. He dwelt moreover in Canaan for twenty-five years and begat Isaac. Isaac at sixty years begat Jacob. Jacob at seventy-six years begat Levi.

Levi at forty years begat Kohath. Kohath at sixty years begat Amram. Amram at seventy years begat Aaron. In the eighty-third year of Aaron, the children of Israel went out from Egypt, led by Moses. All the years therefore amount to four hundred and thirty. In the desert the people spend forty years under Moses. Joshua son of Nave, having crossed the Jordan, spends twenty-seven years in the land, wages war for seven years, and after he had possessed the land lived twenty years. Therefore from the time when Abraham came into the land of Canaan until the death of Joshua son of Nave there are seven generations in number, five hundred years; from Adam moreover twenty-seven generations, three thousand three hundred and eighty-four years.

After the death of Joshua, the people sinning were delivered to Cusarsaton king of Mesopotamia, whom they served for eight years, and when they had cried out to the Lord, Othniel the younger brother of Caleb arose from the tribe of Judah, who denounced that same Cusarsaton and slew him, and held the leadership of the people for thirty-one years. And again while they were sinning, they were delivered to Eglon king of Moab, and served him for eighteen years. But when the people turned back, Ehud arose, a man from the tribe of Ephraim, and having slain Eglon, held the leadership of the people for eighty years. After the death of Ehud, the people transgressing were delivered to Jabin king of the Canaanites, whom they served for twenty years. Under him prophesied Deborah, wife of Lapidoth, from the tribe of Ephraim: and through her Barak son of Abinoam, from the tribe of Naphtali, held the leadership. He denounced king Jabin and slew him, and reigned judging together with Deborah for forty years.

After whose death the people sinned, and were delivered to the Midianites for seven years, over whom arose Gideon from the tribe of Manasseh, who with three hundred men destroyed one hundred and twenty thousand of the enemy. He ruled the people for forty years. His son was Abimelech. After him Tola son of Puah, son of Dodo, from the tribe of Ephraim, presided over the people for twenty years. After him, Jair the Gileadite from the tribe of Manasseh judged and presided for twenty-two years. After him, the people sinning were delivered to the Ammonites for eighteen years, and when they had cried out to the Lord, Jephthah the Gileadite arose as their leader, from the tribe of Gad, from the city of Mizpah, and held the leadership for six years. After him, Elon judged for ten years. After him, Abdon son of Hillel the Pirathonite, from the tribe of Ephraim, judged for eight years. After him, the people sinning are delivered to the Philistines for forty years.

After these things, when the children of Israel had turned back, Samson arose, son of Manoah, from the tribe of Dan. He fought against the Philistines and held the leadership for twenty years.

After him, Eli the priest judged for twenty years. Afterwards, Samuel the prophet anointed Saul as king, and he himself judged the people for thirty years. After a time, when David was reigning, he brought out the ark from the house of Abinadab, and turned aside the calves; and when he was returning, the son of Abinadab, by name Uzzah, laid hands upon it and was struck down, and David was afraid, and brought it into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, and it remained there three months. Saul moreover reigned for thirty years. His commander was Abner son of Ner. Samuel himself anointed David as king. Therefore from Joshua until the time when David, having turned back, took the kingdom in the tribe of Judah, there are nine generations, four hundred and eighty years; from Adam moreover thirty-four generations, four thousand three hundred and sixty-four years.

Thereafter David reigns for forty years and six months. In Hebron moreover he reigned for seven years and six months, and in Jerusalem for thirty-three years. Under him the priest was Abiathar son of Abimelech, of the lineage of Eli, and from another family Zadok. Prophesying in the times of David were Gad and Nathan. David's commander moreover was Joab son of Zeruiah, the sister of David. He numbered the people; and the number of those he numbered of the children of Israel was one million one hundred thousand: the children of Judah moreover four hundred and seventy thousand. Levi and Benjamin however he did not number. The number moreover of those who fell from Israel was seventy thousand. After David moreover his son Solomon reigns for forty years, and under him Nathan still prophesies: and Ahijah from Shiloh, and among them the priest Zadok.

After Solomon, his son Rehoboam reigns for fourteen years: under him the kingdom was divided and Jeroboam the servant of Solomon reigned in Samaria, from the tribe of Ephraim; and there prophesy also under Jeroboam Ahijah the Shilonite, and Shemaiah son of Elam. After Rehoboam, his son Abijah reigns for seventeen years. After Abijah, his son Asa reigns for forty-one years. He in the time of old age suffered from his feet. Prophesying under him was Azariah. After Asa, his son Jehoshaphat reigns for twenty-five years. Under him the prophet Elijah, and Micaiah son of Imlah, and Obadiah son of Ananiah. Under Micaiah moreover the false prophet was Zedekiah son of Chenaanah. After Jehoshaphat, his son Joram reigns for twenty years, and under him Elijah prophesies, and after him Elisha prophesies under the son of Joram, Ahaziah, under whom the people in Samaria ate their sons and the dung of doves, while Joram was reigning in Samaria. After Joram his son Ahaziah reigned for one year: and under him Gothol and Lobdon prophesy.

After him, Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah reigns for eight years. She arose and slew the sons of her son: for she was of the lineage of Ahab king of Israel: but the sister of Ahaziah, by name Jehosheba, since she was the wife of Jehoiada the priest, stole Joash son of Ahaziah, upon whom Jehoiada the priest imposed the kingship. Elisha moreover prophesies under Athaliah. After her, Joash son of Ahaziah reigns for forty years. He slew Zechariah son of Jehoiada the priest. After Joash, his son Amaziah reigns for eight years. After Amaziah, his son Uzziah reigned for fifty-two years. He was leprous until he died. His son Jotham judged under him. Prophesying under Uzziah were Amos and Isaiah his son, and Hosea son of Beeri, and Jonah son of Amittai from Gath-hepher.

After Uzziah, his son Jotham reigns for sixteen years. Under him the prophets Isaiah, Hosea, Micah the Morathite, and Joel son of Bathuel. After Jotham, his son Ahaz reigns for fifteen years, and under him the prophets Isaiah, Hosea, and Micah, and the priest Uriah. Under him Shalmaneser king of the Assyrians transported those who were in Samaria to Media and Babylonia. After Ahaz, his son Hezekiah reigned for twenty-five years. Under him the prophets Isaiah, Micah, and Hosea. After Hezekiah, his son Manasseh for fifty-five years. After Manasseh, his son Amon reigns for two years.

After Amon his son Josiah reigns for thirty-one years. He destroyed the idols and altars of Samaria. Under him the Passover was celebrated in the eighteenth year of his reign. For from the time that Joshua son of Nave died, the Passover had not been observed as it was then. Under him Hilkiah the priest, father of Jeremiah the prophet, found the book of the Law in the sanctuary in the eighteenth year of the reign of Josiah. Prophesying under him are Huldah the wife of Shallum of the priestly garment, and Zephaniah and Jeremiah, under whom the false prophet was Hananiah. After Josiah, Zephaniah reigns for five years and eleven months. After Zephaniah, his son Jehoahaz reigns for four months. Necho king of Egypt bound him and brought him to Egypt, having appointed in his place Eliakim, who was surnamed Jehoiakim, who reigns for eleven years. Under him Jeremiah prophesies, and Buzi, and Uriah son of Shemaiah from Kiriath-jearim. Nebuchadnezzar bound Jehoiakim king of Judah with bronze chains and led him to Babylonia.

After Jehoiakim his son Jehoiachin reigns for three years; and Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon leads him away to him in fetters, and others with him. Through him there is appointed in his place the brother of Jehoiachin, whose name is Zedekiah, who is also Jechoniah, who reigned for eleven years. In the twelfth year he transported him to Babylonia, with his eyes gouged out, and led the people across with very few, who afterwards went down into Egypt. Under Zedekiah, moreover, Jeremiah and [lacuna] prophesied; in the ninth year of his reign Ezekiel prophesied in Babylonia. After him the prophets Nahum, Zacharias, and Daniel, who saw concerning the weeks in the first year of Darius the king, son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes, who reigned over the kingdom of the Chaldaeans. In the first year moreover of his reign Cyrus released the people to return to Jerusalem. At that time, when the temple was being built, Haggai and Zechariah prophesy together.

After them Nehemiah son of Hachaliah of the seed of Judah built the city of Jerusalem, when he was sent by king Artaxerxes; and after him the second Maccabees.

Therefore from David unto Zedekiah, under whom the exile occurred, seventeen generations, [lacuna] years, nine months; but from Adam unto the Babylonian captivity under Jeconiah, [lacuna] generations, four thousand eight hundred forty-two years, nine months. From the Babylonian captivity unto the generation of Christ, fourteen generations, six hundred sixty years; from the generation of Christ unto the Passion, [lacuna] years; from the Passion unto this year, which is the year of the emperor Alexander, two hundred six years. Therefore all the years from Adam unto the thirteenth year of the emperor Alexander are [lacuna] twenty-eight years. Let us also show in another way, not only through the books of kings, but also from whom the Passover was observed; and naming the emperors, we shall at the same time state the years. From Adam unto the flood, two thousand two hundred forty-two years. From the flood unto the departure of Abraham from his land; and until the Israelites went out of Egypt, led by Moses, when they also celebrated the Passover, four hundred thirty years.

From the exodus from Egypt unto the crossing of the Jordan, when Jesus celebrated the Passover, are forty-one years. Hezekiah after four hundred sixty-four years celebrated the Passover; after Hezekiah, Josiah celebrated the Passover in the one hundred fourteenth year. After Josias, Ezra after one hundred eight years celebrated the Passover. From Ezra unto the Saviour, through generations, after five hundred sixty-three years the Passover occurs. But from the generation of Christ after thirty years, when the Lord was baptized, the Passover is celebrated, for he himself celebrated the Passover. From the Passion of the Lord unto the thirteenth year of the Emperor Alexander Caesar, two hundred six years is the Passover, which is kept by us in commemoration of our Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore all the years from Adam unto this year are five thousand seven hundred thirty-eight.

Cyrus reigned over the Persians thirty years. After him, Cambyses nine years. Smerdis the Magian eight months. Darius thirty-six years. Xerxes twenty-six years. Artaxerxes Longimus thirty-six years. Xerxes sixty days. Sogdianus seven months. Darius Nothus eighteen years. Artaxerxes, brother of Cyrus the younger, sixty-two years. Ocor, who is also Artaxerxes, twenty-three years, seven months. Arses Nothus three years. Darius twelve years. This is the one whom Alexander the Macedonian deposed in battle, which was indescribable. All the years amount to two hundred forty-five. After which, the periods among the Greeks are already clear from the reckoning of the Olympiads: for up to Alexander the Macedonian there were one hundred fourteen Olympiads, which make four hundred fifty-six years, from Iphitus who established the Olympiads. From Alexander unto Christ, eighty Olympiads, which are three hundred twenty years. From Christ moreover unto the thirteenth year of the reign of Alexander, fifty-eight Olympiads, which are two hundred thirty-six years.

Therefore all the Olympiads unto the thirteenth year of Alexander Caesar are two hundred fifty-three Olympiads, which are five hundred twelve years.

Adam, Seth, Enos, Cainan, Malaleel, Jared, Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech, Noah, Shem, Arphaxad, Sala, Heber, Peleg, in whose time the earth was divided, Reu, Serug, Nahor, Terah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Judah, Phares, Esrom, Aram, Aminadab, Naasson, Salmon, Boaz, Obed, Jesse, David, Solomon, Rehoboam, Abiam, Asa, Jehoshaphat, Joram, Ochozias, Joash, Amaziah, Ozias, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Amos, Josiah. Josiah moreover begat Jonam and Joachim and his brothers, Eliakim who is also Joachim, and Zedekiah who was also called Jeconiah and Shallum. In the Babylonian captivity moreover Joachim begat Jeconiah and Zedekiah. Jeconiah moreover begat Shealtiel, Phanneas and Sale, Saer and Jeconiah, Ortamnus and Deebi and Filifania, Zerubbabel and his brothers Abiud and Masolam and Ananias, and Saladi their sister, and Sedbel and Thoul, and Archia, and Assadia, and Sobesec. The sanctuary moreover was built in the time of Zerubbabel, whose son was Abiud: thereafter Eliakim, Azor, Zadok, Achim, Eliud, Eleazar, Matthan, Jacob, Joseph, to whom the Virgin Mary was betrothed, who bore Jesus Christ of the Holy Spirit.

Adam, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Joshua son of Nun, Eldad and Medad, Nathan, David, Solomon, Elmodac, Ahijah the Shilonite, Shemaiah son of Elam, Ananias, Elijah, Micaiah son of Imlah, Abdiu, Elisha, Abladan, Amos, Isaiah, Hosea son of Beeri, Jonah, Micah, Raban, Joel son of Bathuel, Jeremiah son of Hilkiah the priest, Zephaniah, Buz, Ezekiel, Uriah, Shemaiah, Habakkuk, Nahum, Daniel, Malachi, Haggai, Zechariah, and under Christ, Simeon and John the Baptist. Likewise Women Prophetesses: Sarah, Rebecca, Mary the sister of Moses, Deborah, Huldah, and under Christ, Anna, Elizabeth, Mary who bore Christ.

Saul of the tribe of Benjamin. After the kingdom was transferred to the tribe of Judah: David, Solomon, Rehoboam, Abijah, Asa, Jehoshaphat, Joram, Ochozias, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Amos, Josiah, Joachim, Eliakim, Zedekiah and Jeconiah: under this one the captivity was carried out under Nebuchadnezzar. Names of the kings who reigned in Samaria over the ten tribes from the time the kingdom was divided: Jeroboam son of Nebat, twenty-two years. Nabath his son, two years. Baasha son of Ahijah, twenty-four years. He avenged the house of Jeroboam. Elah son of Baasha, two years. Zimri, twelve years. Ahab his son, twenty-two years. Ochozias son of Ahab, and Joram son of Jeconiah, twelve years. Under this one those who were in Samaria ate their own sons and dove's dung. Jehu son of Nimshi, twenty-eight years. He was pious in the beginning: he took vengeance upon the house of Ahab, having slain Joram and Jezebel, and Ochozias king of Judah. Jehoahaz, seventeen years. Joash his son, sixteen years.

He slew Amaziah the king, and destroyed four hundred cubits of the wall of Jerusalem. Jeroboam son of Joash, fifteen years. Azariah son of Jeroboam, three months. Shallum son of Jabesh, one month. Unornane son of Gadi, ten years. Pekahiah son of Menahem, two years. Pekah son of Remaliah, ten years. He besieged Jerusalem when Ahaz was reigning, but did not take it. Hoshea son of Elah, eight years. Under him the ten tribes were carried into exile in the region of the Medes by Shalmaneser, who also went away holding Hoshea bound, while Ahaz was reigning over the two tribes in Jerusalem.

Aaron begat Eleazar, Phinehas, Ahijah Razaza, Moriat, Amariah, Amitob, Settis, Ahijah; whose son was Elijah the Prophet; and Salon, Joram, Amos son of Jehoiada, Zedekiah, Zedekiah, Jehiel, Uriah, Tieem, Shallum who begat Hilkiah, whose son was Jeremiah the prophet, and Azariah son of Azaz, Seraiah, Jehozadak who begat Jeshua who was priest when the temple was restored after the captivity, Hilkiah, Joachim, Caedue. Likewise another lineage, from which Ezekiel the prophet came: Jode, Fatuea, Amorius, Zadiar, Samuel, Evexia, Melechius, Shallum, Comorius, Barracim, Zephaniah, Maxses, Hilkiah, Buzi, Ezekiel. Likewise another lineage, whence came Eli the Priest, whose sons Phinehas and Hophni seized the sacrifice. The chief of the lineage from the sons of Gad: Ahimelech, Abiathar, Urin, Nathan, Eli. Likewise the Levitical lineage, whence came Samuel the prophet: Korah who resisted Moses; his son Elkanah, Zophai and Abijah, Zeraam, Elkanah, Samuel. He had two sons who accepted bribes; Joel and Abijah. The beginning of the lineage of the Levites, from whom are the priests, ministers and Levites. Amram son of Kohath, son of Levi, son of Jacob.

Levi begat Gershon and Kohath and Merari. The sons moreover of Gershon, Libni and Shimei. These are the sons of the Levites; and the sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron, Uzziel. Amram begat Moses and Aaron and Miriam. Aaron begat from Elisheba the sister of Naasson: Nadab and Abihu and Eleazar and Ithamar. Nadab and Abihu died offering strange fire. After Aaron, Eleazar received the priesthood; after Eleazar, Phinehas. Ithamar moreover and his son: Izhar moreover the brother of Amram was himself also a Levite. His sons were Korah and Nepheg and Zichri: and the sons of Korah, Assir and Elkanah and Abiasaph. This Korah resisted Moses and Aaron, and was swallowed up by the earth in Viriseel. Hebron the brother of Amram; Uzziel his sons, Mishael, Elzaphan, and Sithri and Dile. These Levites were appointed.

All Aaron's sons moreover and his sons' sons were appointed to the Ark of the Covenant, to minister to it and to carry it: and a tenth part was assigned to them as priests, consecrated, and the firstborn, and what was established in sacrifices, and the firstborn, and what was destined for the Levites; the law was ordained that whatever they received from the people out of the tithes, they should give tithes to the priests, so that it might be reckoned to them as an offering. At their beginning there were also given to them six cities of Refuge, and the pasture lands of these in the circuit of each city two thousand cubits, and forty-two other cities; to the priests indeed ten each, but to the Levites thirteen.

We have said more than we hoped, yet for those who wished to inquire more scrupulously and have read: whom I think can easily reach understanding from what has been written at length; but also those who have read little can arrive at understanding from what has been set forth by us in a condensed inquiry.

Alexander son of Philip, after Darius, seven years. Ptolemy son of Lagus, father-in-law, fifty-two years. Ptolemy his son, Philadelphus, thirty-eight years. Ptolemy his son, Euergetes, thirty years. Ptolemy son of Euergetes, twenty-five years. Ptolemy Philopator, seventeen years. Ptolemy his brother, twenty-three years. Ptolemy Fuscus, two years. Ptolemy, twenty-six years. Ptolemy Alexas, twenty years. Alexander brother of Ptolemy Alexas, eighteen years. Ptolemy Dionysius, twenty-nine years. Cleopatra his daughter, twenty-five years. Together they amount to three hundred forty-six years.

Augustus, fifty-seven years. Tiberius, twenty-two years, seven months, twenty-three days. Caius, three years, nine months. Claudius, eight years, one month, [lacuna] days. Nero, thirteen years, eight months, twenty-eight days. Galba, five months, twenty-six days. Otho, eight months, seven days.

Vitellius, nine months, fifteen days. Titus, three years, two months, two days. Trajan, seventeen years, eight months, six days. Hadrian, twenty years, ten months, eighteen days. Antoninus Pius, [lacuna] eight months, twenty-two days. Marcus, nineteen years, five months, twelve days. Commodus, twelve years, eight months, twenty-four days. Aelius Pertinax, seven months. Julianus, two months, seven days. Severus, fourteen years. Antoninus, surnamed Caracalla, son of Severus, six years, nine months, two days. Macrinus, one year, six days. Antoninus, six years, eight months, twenty-eight days. Alexander, thirteen years, nine days.

Saul, thirty years. David, forty years. Solomon, forty years. Rehoboam, seventeen years. Abijah, three years. Asa, forty-one years. Jehoshaphat, twenty-five years. Joram, nine years. Ochozias, one year. Athaliah his mother, eight years. Joash, forty years. Amaziah, thirty-eight years. Ozias, fifty-eight years. Jotham, sixteen years. Ahaz, seventeen years. Hezekiah, thirty-nine years. Manasseh, fifty-five years. Amos, two years. Josiah, thirty-five years. Joachim the brother of Jehoahaz, eleven years. Joachim son of Hemeras, three years of captivity. Zedekiah, eleven years. Nebuchadnezzar on his return, fifteen years. Cymaroth his son, twelve years. Belshazzar his brother, fourteen years. Darius Ahasuerus, forty-three years. Cyrus, the first year.